chapter 22

Question 1

selected organs house

Answer 1

macrophages

Question 2

secondary lymphatic structures house

Answer 2

T and B-lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells

Question 3

epithelial layers of skin and mucosal membrane house

Answer 3

dendritic cells

Question 4

connective tissue houses

Answer 4

mast cells

Question 5

definition of cytokines

Answer 5

small proteins that regulate immune activity

Question 6

how does cytokines regulate immune activity?

Answer 6

they’re chemical messenger released from on cell that bind to receptors of target cells

Question 7

cytokines are similar to hormones. why?

Answer 7

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

Question 8

effects of cytokines

Answer 8

signaling cells
controlling behavior of immune system
regulation inflammatory process
destroying cells

Question 9

innate immunity is _____ while adaptive immunity is ______

Answer 9

nonspecific and fast
specific and long

Question 10

first line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 10

skin
mucosal membrane

Question 11

second line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 11

cells
antimicrobial proteins
inflammation
fever

Question 12

phagocytic cells

Answer 12

neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 13

promote inflammation

Answer 13

basophils
mast cells

Question 14

mast cells and basophils release

Answer 14

histamin (vasodilation)
heparin (anticoagulant)

Question 15

NK cells perform ______ which means they patrol the body

Answer 15

immune surveillance

Question 16

process of killing by NK cells

Answer 16

they release perforin which creates transmembrane pores
they release granzymes which enter through the pores
apoptosis

Question 17

eosinophils attack

Answer 17

multicellular parasites

Question 18

eosinophils participate in immune responses related to

Answer 18

allergy
asthma

Question 19

antimicrobial proteins against

Answer 19

microbes

Question 20

interferon

Answer 20

antimicrobial protein
class of cytokines
impedes viral spread
interfere with viruses

Question 21

pathways of complement system

Answer 21

common: complement binds to antibody
alternative: complement binds to polysaccharides of bacterial cell wall

Question 22

effects of complement system

Answer 22

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
elimination of immune complexes

Question 23

events of inflammation

Answer 23

released chemicals
recruitment of leukocytes
delivery of plasma proteins

Question 24

margination

Answer 24

adherence of leukocytes to endothelial CAMs

Question 25

diapedesis

Answer 25

leukocytes squeeze out blood vessels

Question 26

chemotaxis

Answer 26

leukocytes are attracted by chemical released from damaged cells

Question 27

during the first phase of inflammation, what happen?

Answer 27

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased display of CAMs

Question 28

what kind of protein are delivered in the 3 phase of inflammation?

Answer 28

clotting proteins kinin: stimulates pain receptors (bradykinin)

Question 29

effects of inflammation

Answer 29

exudate moves from blood to injured cell vasodilation increased capillary permeability loss of plasma proteins extra fluid wash the area

Question 30

cardiac signs of inflammation

Answer 30

redness heat swelling pain loss of function

Question 31

fever or _____ is the result from release of _____

Answer 31

pyrexia pyrogens

Question 32

events of onset

Answer 32

pyrogens target hypothalamus hypothalamus releases prostaglandin E2 hypothalamus raises temperature

Question 33

adaptive immunity involves specific

Answer 33

antigen

Question 34

cell-mediated immunity involves

Answer 34

T-lymphocytes

Question 35

humoral immunity involves

Answer 35

B-lymphocytes plasma cells antibodies

Question 36

antigen

Answer 36

substance that binds to T-lymphocyte or antibody

Question 37

examples of antigen

Answer 37

protein capsid of viruses call wall of bacteria or fungi bacterial toxins tumor antigens abnormal proteins

Question 38

autoimmune disorders

Answer 38

system reacts to self-antigen as if foreign

Question 39

antigen determinat

Answer 39

epitope specific site of an antigen that the system recognize

Question 40

haptens

Answer 40

too small don't function alone

Question 41

TRC is antigen receptor of

Answer 41

T-lymphocytes

Question 42

BCR is antigen receptor of

Answer 42

B-lymphocytes

Question 43

B-lymphocytes make ______ contact with antigen

Answer 43

direct

Question 44

T-lymphocytes have ______ _______ by another cell

Answer 44

antigen presented

Question 45

subtypes of T-lymphocytes

Answer 45

Helper T-lymphocytes: CD4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: CD8

Question 46

MHC I is found on all

Answer 46

nucleated cells

Question 47

MHC II is found on

Answer 47

APCs

Question 48

life events of lymphocytes

Answer 48

formation of lymphocytes activation of lymphocytes effector response

Question 49

formation of lymphocytes occurs in

Answer 49

red bone marrow thymus

Question 50

activation of lymphocytes occurs in

Answer 50

secondary lymphatic structures

Question 51

in effector response phase, T-lymphocytes migrate to

Answer 51

site of infection

Question 52

3 phases of thymic selection

Answer 52

postive selection negative selection differentiation

Question 53

what percentage of T-lymphocytes pass the 3 phases of thymic selection?

Answer 53

2%

Question 54

positive selection

Answer 54

cortex of thymus ability to bind MHC molecules

Question 55

negative selection

Answer 55

medulla of thymus ability to NOT bind self-antigens (self tolerance)

Question 56

regulatory T-lymphocytes (tregs)

Answer 56

tolerance outside primary lymphatic structures (peripheral tolerance)

Question 57

events of fever

Answer 57

onset stadium defervescence