Chapter 19 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
principal función of cardiovascular system
A
providing adequate perfusion
2
Q
what’s perfusion?
A
delivery of blood per time per gram of tissue mL/min/g
3
Q
the right ventricle send blood to the lungs via
A
pulmonary trunk
4
Q
what are the only arteries that carry deoxygenates blood?
A
pulmonary arteries
5
Q
largest artery
A
aorta
6
Q
left ventricle send blood to the entire body via
A
the aorta
7
Q
large veins
A
superior and inferior vena cava
8
Q
vena cava from______ to _____
A
body, right atrium
9
Q
only veins that carry oxygenated blood
A
pulmonary veins
10
Q
pulmonary semilunar valve is between
A
right atrium and pulmonary trunk
11
Q
aortic semilunar valve is between
A
left atrium and aorta
12
Q
pattern of blood circulation
A
right atria ~ right ventricle ~ pulmonary trunk ~ lungs ~ eft atria ~ left ventricle ~ aorta ~ systemic circulation ~ SVC ~ right atria
13
Q
the heart is posterior to the
A
sternum
14
Q
the heart is in the _____ cavity
A
mediastinum
15
Q
the apex of the heart points down into the _____
A
left
16
Q
mention the 3 layers of the pericardium
A
fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of the serous pericardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
17
Q
two serous layers separate by
A
pericardial cavity
18
Q
type of tissue of fibrous parietal layer
A
dense irregular connective tissue
19
Q
type of tissue of the two serous pericardium layers
A
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
20
Q
what does the pericardial cavity contain?
A
serous fluid
21
Q
why is the left side of the heart thicker?
A
it works harder because sends blood to all the body
22
Q
what happens with the capillaries in pericarditis?
A
increases capillary permeability which causes fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity which restricts chamber’s movement
23
Q
pericarditis results in_____
A
cardiac tamponade
24
Q
what’s visible in the anterior view?
A
right atrium
right ventricle
right auricle (most)
pulmonary trunk
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta
portions of: left auricle and ventricle
25
what's visible in the posterior view?
left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary veins (left atrium)
IVC, SVN
pulmonary arteries
posterior interventricular sulcus
part of coronary sulcus
26
coronary sulcus is separates _____ from_____
atria, ventricles
27
AV valves close when ______ _____
ventricles contract
28
AV valves prevent back flow to
atria
29
semilunar valves prevent back flow to
ventricles
30
semilunar valves open when
Av valves close and ventricles contract
31
symptoms of cardiomegaly
shortness of breath, dizziness, swelling, arrhythmia
32
heart murmur
abnormal heart sound
33
4 normal heart sounds
S1 - AV valves close
S2 - semilunar valves close
S3 S4 minor sounds
34
type of tissue the fibrous skeleton is
dense irregular connective tissue
35
function of fibrous skeleton
supports atria and ventricles
valves anchor to it
framework for the heart
prevents ventricles to contract at the same time as atria
36
cardiac cells have ____ nuclei
2
37
what structure is only part of cardiac cells?
intercalated discs
38
what are the 2 types of junctions in the intercalated discs?
desmosomes, gap junctions
39
describe desmosomes
proteins filaments, mechanically joint cells
40
describe gap junctions
electrically or functional joint cells
41
ischemic
low oxygen
42
cardiac muscle use different types of_____ (glucose, lactic acid, fatty acids, amino acid, ketone bodies)
fuel molecules
43
cardiac muscle relies on _____ metabolism
aerobic
44
right coronary artery branches:
marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery
45
left coronary artery branches:
circumflex artery
anterior interventricular artery
46
coronary arteries are different because
they're functional end arteries
47
arterial anastomoses are
connections between vessels to provide more than one route
48
why arterial anatomies doesn't work on the heart?
coronary anastomoses are too small
49
what happens with coronary flow when the heart contracts?
vessels compressed interrupting flow
50
mention the coronary veins and their location
great cardiac vein - anterior interventricular
middle cardiac vein - posterior interventricular
small cardiac vein - next to right marginal artery
coronary sinus -
51
function of coronary sinus
receive blood from cardiac veins and drains into right atrium
52
3 things that go into the right atria
SVC
IVC
coronary sinus
53
pain in the chest
angina pectoris
54
coronary spasm
narrowing of the vessels
55
myocardial infarction
heart attack
56
what does the SA node does?
initiates heartbeat
57
another name for sinoatrial node
pacemaker
58
location of SA node
high in right atrium
59
location of AV node
floor of the right atrium
60
AV bundle extends from _____ through ______
AV node, interventricular septum
61
AV bundle divides into
right and left bundles
62
purkinje fibers go through
ventricles
63
describe conduction system
initiates and conducts electrical events
64
location of the cardiac center
medulla oblongata
65
cardiac center contains
cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory
66
cardiac center receives signal from
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
67
parasympathetic innervation starts at ______ via _____
cardioinhibitory center, vagus nerve (X)
68
sympathetic innervation starts at _____ via ______
cardioacceleratory center, neurons from T1-T5
69
____ vagus enervates SA node
right
70
left vagus innervates ____ node
atrioventricular AV
71
heart contraction involves two events
conduction system
cardiac muscle cells spread action potentials and contract
72
what's the function of a nodal cell?
starts the action potential
73
what's the resting membrane potential of nodal cell?
60mV
74
mention the 3 electrical events at SA node
threshold
depolarization
repolarization
75
what happens in the threshold?
slow voltage-gated Na channels open
Na flows in
membrane potential from 60mV to 40mV
76
process of depolarization (nodal cell)
fast voltage-gated Ca channels open
Ca flows in
membrane potential from 40mV to above 0mV
77
process of repolarization (nodal cell)
Ca channels close
voltage-gated K channels open
K flows out
RMP back
voltage-gated Na channels open
process begins again
78
numbers of heartbeats at rest
75 per min
79
function of vagal tone
keeps resting heart rate slower
80
action potential is delayed at ____ node
AV
81
this delayed allows
ventricles to fill before they contract
82
where does heart stimulation begin?
apex of the heart
83
what's the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells?
90mV
84
electrical events of cardiac muscle action potential
depolarization
plateau
repolarization
85
process of depolarization (cardiac muscle)
fast voltage-gated Na channels open
Na enters the cell
membrane potential from 90mV to 30mV
86
process of plateau phase
voltage-gated K channels open
slow voltage-gated Ca channels open
K leaves
Ca enters
membrane potential remain depolarized
87
process of repolarization (cardiac muscle)
voltage-gated Ca close
K channels remain open
RMP back
88
in the mechanical events, who initiates?
Ca binding with troponin
89
P wave
atrial depolarization
90
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization
91
T wave
ventricular repolarization
92
P-Q segment
atrial plateau
atrial contraction
93
S-T segment
ventricular plateau
ventricular contraction
94
P-R interval
from beginning of P wave to before Q deflection
95
Q-T interval
from beginning of QRS to end of T wave
96
cause of cardiac arrhythmia
heart blocks
impaired conduction
97
first degree block
long P-R segment
between ventricles and atria
98
second degree block
some atrial action potentials are not getting to the ventricles
99
third degree block
all actions potentials are no getting to the ventricles
100
cardiac cycle: all the events from ____ to
one beat, the next
101
systole
contraction
102
diastole
relaxation
103
ventricular contraction: what happen to AV valves and semilunar valves?
AV valves close
semilunar valves open
104
ventricular relaxation: what happen to AV valves and semilunar valves?
AV valves open
semilunar valves close
105
stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood ejected by ventricle
106
end systolic volum (ESV)
amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after its contraction
107
edema
swelling. collection of interstitial fluid
108
cardiac output
measures how effective the cardiovascular system is
109
formula for cardiac output
heart rate times stroke volume
110
positive chronotropic agents
increase heart rate via sympathetic division
111
mention positivé chronotropic agents
caffeine
thyroid hormone
nicotine
cocaine
112
negative chronotropic agents
decrease heart rate via parasympathetic activity
113
venous return
volume of blood returned to the heart
114
The primitive ventricle forms most of the _____ ventricle.
left
115
During weeks ______, the single heart tube becomes partitioned into four chambers (two atria and two ventricles), and the main vessels entering and leaving the heart form.
5-8
116
Stroke volume (SV) in a healthy adult is approximately ______
70 ml
117
stroke volum formula
EDV - ESV
118
What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?
intercalated discs
119
Vagal tone refers to the
decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation
120
To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium
binds to troponin
121
Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because
it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle
122
three main factors influencing stroke volume
venous return
afterload
inotropic agents
123
The tetralogy of Fallot is
a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.
