Chapter 18

Question 1

Lamarck is Theory of Evolution

Answer 1

Evolution mechanism is the passing on of tasks acquired by the organism during its life time.
Ex. Giraffe Neck

Question 2

Mary Anning

Answer 2

Discovered Fossils in 1820s
Showing Extinction is Real

Question 3

Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 3

Stopped at islands to observe species.
Observed the Grand finches on Galápagos islands. Beak shapes

Question 4

Variation

Answer 4

Differences among individuals in a population.

Differences must have genetic basis

Question 5

Divergent Evolution

Answer 5

Two species evolve in diverse directions from a common point

Question 6

Convergent Evolution

Answer 6

Similar traits evolve independently in species that don’t have recent common ancestry

(Bats and Bees)

Question 7

Homologous Structures

Answer 7

Synonymous parts

Have common ancestry

Question 8

Vestigal Structures

Answer 8

Unused structures without function

Question 9

Analogy/Homoplasy

Answer 9

Similar characteristics occur via environmental constraints.

Question 10

Embryology

Answer 10

Study of anatomy of organisms development to adult form

(Ex. Mutational Tweaking in Embryo)
- structures in some groups appear in embryonic stage and disappear

Question 11

Biogeography

Answer 11

Geographic distribution of organisms patterns by evolution in tectonic plate movement

Question 12

Molecular Biology

Answer 12

Molecular structures of life reflect descent.
Related ness of group in similarity of DNA Sequences.

Question 13

The Misconceptions of Evolution

Answer 13

Evolution is A Theory
Individuals Evolve
Evolution explains Origin of Life
Organisms Evolve on Purpose

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

Heritable trait/behavior that aids in survival and reproduction

Question 15

Species

Answer 15

Group of Individual organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 16

Population

Answer 16

Group of individuals that share gene pool.
Also has dif sets of alleles

Question 17

Evidence for Evolution
(5)

Answer 17

Direct Observation
Fossil Record
Anatomy & Embryology
Biogeography
Molecular Biology

Question 18

Microevolution

Answer 18

Small scale changes over small # generations

Question 19

Macro evolution

Answer 19

Large scale changes (New traits, Body) over large # of evolutions

Question 20

Biological Species Concept

Answer 20

Species is a group that can interbreed and reproduce viable fertile offspring

Question 21

Speciation

Answer 21

Formation of 2 new species from 1 original species

Happens By
1. Barrier to gene flow
2. Evolution leads to reproductive isolation

Question 22

Ancestor Species

Answer 22

what the “Original Species” is called after speciation takes place

Question 23

Allopathic Speciation

Answer 23

Geographic barriers reduce gene flow

Ex. Closing of Bering Land Bridge led to red deer and elk

Question 24

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 24

Subset of Population acquires differences

Question 25

Autopolyploidy

Answer 25

One species involved in generating a polyploid Plants use this

Question 26

Prezygotic Isolation

Answer 26

Mechanism preventing Mating/Fertilization

Question 27

What are the 5 Types of Prezygotic Isolation

Answer 27

1. Habitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation 3. Behavioral Isolation 4. Mechanical Isolation 5. Gamete Isolation

Question 28

Post Zygotic Isolation

Answer 28

Mechanisms that prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable fertile adult

Question 29

The 3 Factoes of Postzygotic Isolation

Answer 29

1. Reduced Hybird Viability - Hybrid frail and don’t complete 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility - hybrid viable but sterile 3. Hybrid Breakdown -Hybird viable and fertile but subsequent offspring is not

Question 30

Adaptive Radiatation

Answer 30

population of species disperses in area and each finds a isolated habitat Over time lifestyle leads to multiple speciation Ex. HONEY CREEPER

Question 32

Dispersal

Answer 32

When few members of species move to new area

Question 33

Vicariance

Answer 33

Natural situation arises to physically divide organisms

Question 34

Polyploidy

Answer 34

Paris separate and bed cell product has extra set chromosomes

Question 35

Autopolyploidy

Answer 35

Polyploidy has 2+ complete sets of chromosomes from own species

Question 36

Allopolyploid

Answer 36

Individuals of two diff species reproduce to form viable offspring

Question 37

Aneuploidy

Answer 37

gametes has too many/few chromosomes due to no disjunction during meiosis 2n+1 or 2n-1

Question 38

Hybrid Zone

Answer 38

Area where 2 closely related species continue to interact and reproduce

Question 39

The 3 Changes in Hybrid Zone

Answer 39

Reinforcement Fusion Stability

Question 40

Reinforcement (Hybrid Zone)

Answer 40

Hybrid less fit than parents so species diverges until hybridization doesn’t occur

Question 41

Fusion (Hybrid Zone)

Answer 41

reproductive barriers weaken until species become one

Question 42

Stability (Hybrid Zone)

Answer 42

Fit hybrids continue to be produced

Question 43

Speciation in Pan

Answer 43

Evolutionary process by which the new species of genus Pan have formed Likely geographic isolation Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus