Chapter 19 Flashcards
(18 cards)
The Hardy Weinberg Principle
How alleles and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation
If no evolution occurs, allele frequencies stays the same
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1
What is p^2
AA
homozygous Dominant
what is 2pq
Aa
heterozygous
What is q^2
aa
Homozygous recessive
The 5 Assumptions for HW
- No mutations
- Random Mating
- No Natural Selection
- Extremely Large PopulationSize
- No gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Allele frequencies in population change randomly with no advantage to population over existing allele frequencies
Founder Effect
Event that initiates an allele frequency change in isolated part of population
Bottleneck Effect
Population Drastically Reduced in an event
Gene Flow
movement of alleles in and out of
Mutation
change in hereditary state of an organism
such changes may occur at level of gene
- gene mutation
- point mutation
- chromosome mutation
Non Random Mating
Choosing mates based on traits or characteristics
- Assortive Mating
- Inbreeding
Non Random Mating effect on Social Behavior
Social structure
Visual appearance traits (sexual selection)
Non Random Mating on Geographic Distance
Mate with nearby partners due to isolation
Creates “local allele frequencies”
Sexual Dimorphism
Result of sexual selection
Traits that improve mating success become more common
Handicap Principle
Traits that seem disadvantageous can show genetic fitness
Ex. Trait shows more vulnerable to predator, but the organisms survival can show strength and survival skills which mates will prefer
Honest Signals
Traits/Behaviors that show information about individual
(Health, Strength, Genetic fitness)
Ex. loud deep frog calls show body size
Good Genes Hypothesis
Individuals choose mates based on traits that signal genetic quality
Non Random Mating effect on Social Behavior
Social structure
Visual appearance traits (sexual selection)
