Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 171 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Microbial Mats

A

Large biofilms
Multilayered sheet of prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ExtraCellular Matrix

A

Glue like substance secreted to hold prokaryotes together for biofilms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydrothermal Vent

A

Breakage/fissure in Earths surface that releases hot water

Likely how microbial mats obtained their energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stromatolites

A

Sedimentary structure founded when minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes in microbial mats

All are producers of oxygen by photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anoxic

A

No molecular oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phototrophs

A

Autotrophic organisms that convert solar energy into chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Blue-Green Algae
Evolved from phototrophs
Began oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Success of Prokaryotes

A

First living cells
Thrive Everywhere
Most abundant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extremophiles

A

Bacteria and archer under extreme conditions

Ex. Deep ocean, hot springs, dry desert, high radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Radioresistant

A

Does not prefer extreme conditions but are able to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acidophiles vs Alkaliphiles

A

Acid ph 3 or below
Alkali ph 9 or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thermophiles

A

60-80 C or 140-176 F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

80-122 C or 176-250 F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychophiles

A

-15-10 C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Halophiles

A

0.2 M Salt concentration environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmophiles

A

high sugar concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

worked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

VBNC State

A

Viable but not culturable
when prokaryotes respond to stress by entering dormant state for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Resuscitation

A

Prokaryote goes back to normal life when conditions improve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biofilms

A

Microbial community on a surface that is held together by extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is common between all Cells

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DsDNA genome
  4. Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Plasma Membrane

A

Thin lipid bilayer
surround cell and separates inside and outside
keeps ions, proteins, from diffusing in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Made by phospholipid bilayer of 2 layers of lipid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Phospholipid for Archae

A

Phytanol chains linked to glycerol replace fatty acids linked to glycerol in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bacterial Cell Wall
Contains peptidoglycan There are 2 Groups 1. Gram Positive 2. Gram Negative
26
Gram Positive
Firmicutes and Actinobacteria Phyla 90% cell wall peptidoglycan rest by teichoic acid Wall is Thick
27
Lipoteichoic Acids
Anchors cell wall to cell membrane Formed by teichoic acids in Gram Positive Bacteria cell walls
28
Gram Negative
Thin Cell Wall 10% Peptidoglycan Rest is envelope with lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins Outer membrane/Peptidoglycan wall/Inner membrane
29
Porin
Proteins that allow substances to pass through the outer membrane
30
Gram Stain
Used to classify bacteria via cell wall composition
31
Archae Cell Walls
Does not have peptidoglycan 4 Types of 1. Pseudopeptidoglycan 2. Polysaccharides 3. Glycoproteins 4. Pure Proteins
32
Reproduction for Prokaryotes
Asexual Binary Fission Shares genes Via HGT
33
Prokaryote Motility
Monotrichous Bacterium - 1 tails Amphitrichous Bacterium - tail on both ends Lophotrichous Bacterihm - multiple tails on 1 end Petrichous Bacterium - tails everywhere
34
The flagellum
21 proteins Motor : 10 proteins from secretory system, 2 from ion transport Hook and Filament : 2 proteins from pilus pathway
35
Macronutrients
Nutrients needed in large amounts Ex. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
36
Chemotrophs
Obtain energy from chemical compound
37
Chemoorganotrophs
Chemotrophs that use organic compounds as energy source
38
Chemolithotrophs
Chemotrophs that use inorganic compounds ex. Sulfur or iron
39
Autotrophs
Use organic molecules from carbon dioxide
40
Heterotrophs
obtain carbon from organic compounds
41
Photoorganoheterotroph
Energy: Light Electron: Organic Material Carbon: Organic Material
42
Photolithoautotroph
Energy: Light Electron: Inorganic Carbon: Carbon Dioxide
43
Chemoorganoheterotroph
Energy: Chemicals Electron: Organic Carbon: Organic
44
Chemolithoheterotroph
Energy: Chemicals Electron: Inorganic Carbon: Organic
45
Chemolithoautotroph
Energy: Chemicals Electron: Inorganic Carbon: Carbon Dioxide
46
Carbon Cycle
Primary Producers Humus Decomposes
47
Humus
Source of organic compounds from dead plants and prokaryotes that resisted decomposition
48
Carbon Cycle in Water
1. Prokaryotes produce methane (CH4) 2. methane moves into zone above and supports bacteria called Methane Oxidizers 3. The Methane Oxidizers oxidize methane into CO2
49
Nitrogen Cycle
N2 (gaseous nitrogen) not usable by plants so it is fixed into ammonia (NH3) by Nitrogen Fixation
50
Ammonification
Ammonia released during decomposition of nitrogen containing organic compounds
51
In the Soil
Ammonia (NH3) | Nitrite (NO2) | Nitrate (NO3)
52
Denitrifying Bacteria
Reverse Nitrate -> N2O or NO or N2
53
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation nodules on soybean roots interact with Bradyrhicobium japonicum to form nodules
54
Nitrogenase
Enzyme that fixed nitrogen Inactivated by oxygen (Legumes nodules provide oxygen free area)
55
Leghemoglobin
Sequesters oxygen Protects nitrogenase but releases enough O2 to support breathing
56
Free Living Nitrogen Fixing Prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria (Aquatic) Clostridium or Azotobacteria (Soil)
57
Pathogens
Cause harm to human hosts Reproduce in hosts body and causes damage
58
Epidemic
Occurs in unusually high # of individuals in a population at same time
59
Pandemic
Widespread/worldwide epidemic
60
Endemic Disease
Disease always present, low incidence
61
Salmonella
Salmonella enterica serocar Typhi Causes typhoid fever Spread through feces Seen in overcrowded areas (Athens) Gram Negative
62
Typhoid Fever
Intestinal Hemorrhage High Fever Delirium Dehydration
63
Bubonic Plague
Caused by Yesenia pestis Gram negative Rod shaped killed 200,000+ London
64
Black Death
Pandemic attributed to Bubonic Plague Named by tissue necrosis Via Flea bites and Rats (Caused fleas to bite more) Origin (China->SilkRoad->Europe)
65
Symptoms of Black Death
Swollen lymph nodes fever seizure vomit blood death
66
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Affects respiratory system Tick Bites Bullseye rash Joint inflammation, brain, eyesight, heart
67
Emerging Disease
One that appears for first time or may have existed previously but rapidly increased in incidence
68
Re-Emerging Disease
previously under control but emerged once again
69
Zoonoses
diseases that primarily affect animals but can transmits to humans Brucellosis Lyme Bubonic Plague
70
Escherichia Coli
In lower intestine Reformed red Blood cells Clog capillaries of kidney leading to failure 0104:H4 produces Shiga toxin
71
Shiga Toxin
Inhibits protein synthesis Destroys red blood cells Bloody diarrhea
72
Legionnaires Disease
Biofilm in water pipes , AC, Hot tubs Diarrhea, nausea, vomit Fever, chills muscle aches
73
74
Cystic Fibrosis
Inherited mutation modifies cells allows biofilm formation in tissues Pseudomonas aeroginosa - causes chronic lung infections
75
Botulism
A rare poisoning caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing or speaking, facial weakness, and paralysis.
76
MRSA
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to antibiotics skin infection Blood stream, lung, urinary, injury sites In health care and tight populations focuses young
77
Are viruses alive?
They don’t have cellular structure Need a host to reproduce They exist as virions outside host which are just dormant
78
Peptic ulcers
Sore in lining of stomach, esophagus, or small intestine infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Bio 171 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions