Chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
heparin
A
type of acidic polysaccharide
a blood anticoagulant. naturally present in mast cells and is released at the site of tissue injury
prevents formation of clots in the blood
2
Q
achiral molecule
A
molecule whose mirror images are superimposable. so they do not have handedness
2
Q
stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
e.g. left and right handed forms of a molecule with a single chiral center
a pair of these have nearly all the same properties. differ only in interaction with plane polarized light and interaction with other chiral substances
A
enantiomers
2
Q
heteropolysaccharide
A
a polysaccharide with more than one type of monosaccharide
2
Q
the most abundant naturally occuring polysaccharide
serves as a dietary fiber in a balanced diet
helps move food thru intestinal tract and facilitates excretion of solid wastes
A
cellulose
3
Q
D-glucose
A
type of monosaccharide
most abundant in nature and most important for human nutrition
in ripe fruits
4
Q
ribose
A
Part of RNA
- Part of ATP
- Part of DNA
- Five membered cyclic form
5
Q
chemical substance found within a living organism
2 types: bioinorganic substances (water and inorganic salts) and bioorganic substances (proteins, lipids, carbs and nucleic acids)
A
biochemical substance
5
Q
images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
e.g. a dinner plate with no design features
A
superimposable mirror images
6
Q
disaccharide composed of galactose and D-glucose
beta (1-4) linkage
milk is rich in this
A
lactose
7
Q
carbohydrate
A
polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone or a compound that yields these 2 upon hydrolysis
types are monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide
7
Q
diastereomers whose molecules differ only in the configuration at one chiral center
A
epimers
7
Q
aldose
A
monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group
8
Q
chiral molecule
A
a molecule with a ciral center. its mirror images are not superimposable. so they have handedness
8
Q
a molecule with a ciral center. its mirror images are not superimposable. so they have handedness
A
chiral molecule
8
Q
glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals
A
glycogen
8
Q
- one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group
- important building blocks of polysaccharides such as chitin
A
amino sugar
9
Q
chiral center
A
an atom in a molecule with 4 different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
9
Q
anomeric carbon atom
A
hemiacetal carbon atom present in a cyclic monosaccharide. C that is bonded to OH and O in the heterocyclic ring
10
Q
storage polysaccharide
A
a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and used as an energy source in cells
includes starch and glycogen
11
Q
oligosaccharaide
A
type of carbohydrate with 3 to 10 monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other.
associate with proteins and lipids in complex molecules
11
Q
glycosidic linkage
A
bond that links two monosaccharides of a disaccharide together
results from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom (OH group of one monosaccharide) and an OH group on the other monosaccharide
11
Q
cellulose
A
the most abundant naturally occuring polysaccharide
serves as a dietary fiber in a balanced diet
helps move food thru intestinal tract and facilitates excretion of solid wastes
12
Q
complex carbohydrates
A
dietary polysaccharide
not usually sweet
major source of this is grains
e.g. starch and cellulose
12
pyranose
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring
13
type of carbohydrate that have many monosaccharides covalently bonded together (a few hundred to a few million)
e.g. cellulose, starch
polysaccharide
| (glycan)
14
lactose
disaccharide composed of galactose and D-glucose
beta (1-4) linkage
milk is rich in this
16
chitin
the 2nd most abundant naturally occuring polysaccharide
gives exoskeleton of carbs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods
16
simple carbohydrate
dietary monosaccharide or dietary disaccharide
sweet and commonly called sugars
16
a polysaccharide that serves as a structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons
types are cellulose and chitin
structural polysaccharide
18
galactose
1. Milk sugar
2. Synthesize in human
3. Also called brain sugar-- part of brain and nerve tissue
4. Used to differentiate between blood types
5. Six membered cyclic form
19
bond that links two monosaccharides of a disaccharide together
results from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom (OH group of one monosaccharide) and an OH group on the other monosaccharide
glycosidic linkage
20
glycolipid
a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrates covalently bonded to it
22
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a five-atom ring
furanose
23
an atom in a molecule with 4 different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
chiral center
24
sucrose
type of disaccharide
table sugar
most abundant disaccharide
nonreducing sugar
composed of glucose and fructose. alpha,beta (1-2) linkage
25
stereoisomers
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space
2 types: enantiomers and diastereomers
26
a polysaccharide with only one type of monosaccharide
most abundant in nature
homopolysaccharide
27
type of acidic polysaccharide
a blood anticoagulant. naturally present in mast cells and is released at the site of tissue injury
prevents formation of clots in the blood
heparin
29
a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and used as an energy source in cells
includes starch and glycogen
storage polysaccharide
31
refined sugar
sugar that has been separated from its plant source
empty calories
32
chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise direction
levorotatory compound
33
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space
2 types: enantiomers and diastereomers
stereoisomers
34
type of disaccharide
produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
it is a reducing sugar
can't be digested by humans
composed of 2 glucose. beta (1-4)
cellobiose
35
chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise direction
dextrorotatory compound
36
natural sugar
sugar naturally present in whole foods
accompanied by nutrients
37
type of disaccharide
table sugar
most abundant disaccharide
nonreducing sugar
composed of glucose and fructose. alpha,beta (1-2) linkage
sucrose
38
1. Milk sugar
2. Synthesize in human
3. Also called brain sugar-- part of brain and nerve tissue
4. Used to differentiate between blood types
5. Six membered cyclic form
galactose
39
optically active compound
a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light
41
molecule whose mirror images are superimposable. so they do not have handedness
achiral molecule
41
levorotatory compound
chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise direction
42
structural polysaccharide
a polysaccharide that serves as a structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons
types are cellulose and chitin
44
polysaccharide
| (glycan)
type of carbohydrate that have many monosaccharides covalently bonded together (a few hundred to a few million)
e.g. cellulose, starch
45
type of carbohydrate with 3 to 10 monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other.
associate with proteins and lipids in complex molecules
oligosaccharaide
47
sugar that has been separated from its plant source
empty calories
refined sugar
49
Part of RNA
2. Part of ATP
3. Part of DNA
4. Five membered cyclic form
ribose
50
dietary polysaccharide
not usually sweet
major source of this is grains
e.g. starch and cellulose
complex carbohydrates
51
sudy of chemical substanes found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other
biochemistry
53
glycoprotein
a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrates covalently bonded to it
54
stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
e.g. cis-trans isomers and molecules with more than one chiral center
differ in most chemical and physicalproperties
diastereomers
55
a type of disaccharide
produced when polysaccharide starch breaks down
called malt sugar, in baby foods
it is a reducing sugar, it is in equilibrium wth its open-chain aldehyde form
composed of 2 glucose. alpha (1-4)
maltose
56
glycogen
glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals
58
glycoside
monosaccharide acetal
an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacing the hemiacetal carbon OH group with an OR group
59
energy storage polysaccharide in plants
starch
60
a type of carbohydrate
contains two monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other.
hydrolysis of this produces two monosaccharides
•One monosaccharide act as a hemiacetal and other as alcohol and the resulting ether bond is a glycosidic linkage.
e.g. sucrose (table sugar) and lactose, maltose and cellobiose
disaccharide
61
a polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit where one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both have a negative charge (due to sulfate or carboxyl group)
heteropolysaccharides
types are hyaluronic acid and heparin
acidic polysaccharides
62
hyaluronic acid
type of acidic polysaccharides
serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and associated with jelly-like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye
63
type of monosaccharide
most abundant in nature and most important for human nutrition
in ripe fruits
D-glucose
64
ketose
monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group
65
D-fructose
the most important ketohexose.
fruit sugar
sweetest tasting sugar, found in many fruits and honey
66
biochemical substance
chemical substance found within a living organism
2 types: bioinorganic substances (water and inorganic salts) and bioorganic substances (proteins, lipids, carbs and nucleic acids)
68
amino sugar
* one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group
* important building blocks of polysaccharides such as chitin
69
nonsuperimposable mirror images
images where not all points coincide when images are laid upon each other.
e.g. left and right hands
70
type of acidic polysaccharides
serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and associated with jelly-like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye
hyaluronic acid
71
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring
pyranose
72
superimposable mirror images
images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
e.g. a dinner plate with no design features
73
polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone or a compound that yields these 2 upon hydrolysis
types are monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide
carbohydrate
75
dextrorotatory compound
chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise direction
76
the most important ketohexose.
fruit sugar
sweetest tasting sugar, found in many fruits and honey
D-fructose
77
a polysaccharide with more than one type of monosaccharide
heteropolysaccharide
78
starch
energy storage polysaccharide in plants
78
acidic polysaccharides
a polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit where one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both have a negative charge (due to sulfate or carboxyl group)
heteropolysaccharides
types are hyaluronic acid and heparin
79
monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group
aldose
81
a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrates covalently bonded to it
glycolipid
82
dietary monosaccharide or dietary disaccharide
sweet and commonly called sugars
simple carbohydrate
83
images where not all points coincide when images are laid upon each other.
e.g. left and right hands
nonsuperimposable mirror images
85
monosaccharide acetal
an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacing the hemiacetal carbon OH group with an OR group
glycoside
87
monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group
ketose
88
hemiacetal carbon atom present in a cyclic monosaccharide. C that is bonded to OH and O in the heterocyclic ring
anomeric carbon atom
89
biochemistry
sudy of chemical substanes found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other
90
maltose
a type of disaccharide
produced when polysaccharide starch breaks down
called malt sugar, in baby foods
it is a reducing sugar, it is in equilibrium wth its open-chain aldehyde form
composed of 2 glucose. alpha (1-4)
92
homopolysaccharide
a polysaccharide with only one type of monosaccharide
most abundant in nature
93
enantiomers
stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
e.g. left and right handed forms of a molecule with a single chiral center
a pair of these have nearly all the same properties. differ only in interaction with plane polarized light and interaction with other chiral substances
94
a type of carbohydrate
contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polydyfroxy ketone.
cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis
e.g. glucose and fructose
monosaccharide
95
monosaccharide
a type of carbohydrate
contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polydyfroxy ketone.
cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis
e.g. glucose and fructose
96
furanose
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a five-atom ring
97
cellobiose
type of disaccharide
produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
it is a reducing sugar
can't be digested by humans
composed of 2 glucose. beta (1-4)
98
cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the position of the substituents on the anomeric (hemiacetal) carbon atom
anomer
99
a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrates covalently bonded to it
glycoprotein
100
a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light
optically active compound
101
anomer
cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the position of the substituents on the anomeric (hemiacetal) carbon atom
ex. alpha and beta
102
diastereomers
stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
e.g. cis-trans isomers and molecules with more than one chiral center
differ in most chemical and physicalproperties
103
sugar naturally present in whole foods
accompanied by nutrients
natural sugar
104
epimers
diastereomers whose molecules differ only in the configuration at one chiral center
105
the 2nd most abundant naturally occuring polysaccharide
gives exoskeleton of carbs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods
chitin
106
disaccharide
a type of carbohydrate
contains two monosaccharides covalently bonded to each other.
hydrolysis of this produces two monosaccharides
•One monosaccharide act as a hemiacetal and other as alcohol and the resulting ether bond is a glycosidic linkage.
e.g. sucrose (table sugar) and lactose, maltose and cellobiose
107
phosphate ester
The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form this.
Stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
108
The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form this.
Stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
phosphate ester
109
glycemic effect
– how quickly carbohydrates are digested
– how high blood glucose rises
– how quickly blood glucose levels return to normal
110
– how quickly carbohydrates are digested
– how high blood glucose rises
– how quickly blood glucose levels return to normal
glycemic effect
