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Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bond between 5’ and 3’ positions

•5’ end has free phosphate and 3’ end has a free OH group

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1
Q

hnRNA

A

Formed directly by DNA transcription.

contain exons and introns

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1
Q

rRNA

A

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes (the physical site for protein synthesis)

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1
Q

codon

A

•A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

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1
Q

Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) from DNA

Post-transcription processing converts the hnRNA to

SnRNA helps convert hnRNA to this

A

mRNA

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2
Q

Phosphate group

A

part of nucleotide

  • derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
  • Under cellular pH conditions, the phosphoric acid is fully dissociated to give a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-)
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3
Q

nucleotide formation

A

–The pentose sugar and nitrogenous base react to form a “Nucleoside”
–The Nucleoside reacts with a phosphate group to form a “Nucleotide”

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4
Q

DNA

A

•Found within cell nucleus
–Storage and transfer of genetic information
–Passed from one cell to other during cell division
H atom instead of OH group

double stranded

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5
Q

process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves
•Old strands act as templates for the synthesis of new strands
•DNA polymerase checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages
•The newly synthesized DNA has one new DNA strand and old DNA strand

A

replication

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7
Q

•Found within cell nucleus
–Storage and transfer of genetic information
–Passed from one cell to other during cell division
H atom instead of OH group

double stranded

A

DNA

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7
Q

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA

removes introns from hnRNA

A

SnRNA

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8
Q

component of nucleotides

Ribose is present in RNA and 2-deoxyribose is present in DNA

A

pentose sugar

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9
Q

replication

A

process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves
•Old strands act as templates for the synthesis of new strands
•DNA polymerase checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages
•The newly synthesized DNA has one new DNA strand and old DNA strand

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10
Q

mRNA

A

Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) from DNA

Post-transcription processing converts the hnRNA to

SnRNA helps convert hnRNA to this

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11
Q

okazaki fragments

A

the lagging strand of DNA replication grows in these segments in the opposite direction

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12
Q

phase of protein synthesis

A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

–Two-step process - (1) synthesis of hnRNA and (2) editing to yield mRNA molecule

A

transcription

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12
Q

SnRNA

A

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA

removes introns from hnRNA

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12
Q

•A process that ultimately leads to the formation of several different protein variants from a single gene
–The process involves excision of one or more exons from hnRNA during splicing process.
–The process occurs in a splicesome (a complex protein-nucleic acid molecular structure responsible for splicing hnRNA)

A

alternative splicing

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13
Q

DNA polymerase

A

during replication, this enzyme checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages

  • can only function in the 5’-to-3’ direction
  • Therefore one strand (leading strand ) grows continuously in the direction of unwinding
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14
Q

Formed directly by DNA transcription.

contain exons and introns

A

hnRNA

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16
Q

•Occurs in all parts of cell
–Primary function is to synthesize the proteins

–OH group present on carbon 2’

contains ribose sugar

single stranded

types: hnRNA, mRNA, SnRNA, rRNA, tRNA

A

RNA

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17
Q

genetic code

A

•The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

Many amino acids are designated by more than one codon

–The same codon specifies the same amino acid whether the cell is a bacterial cell, a corn plant cell, or a human cell.

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18
Q

make up nucleic acids

3 parts: phosphate group, pentose sugar and heterocyclic base

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

nucleoside

A

A compound formed from a five-carbon monosaccharide and a purine or pyrimidine base derivative.

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19
chromosomes
histone-DNA complexes –about 15% by mass DNA and 85% by mass protein. –Cells of different kinds of organisms have different numbers of these these occur in matched (homologous) pairs
20
•All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome. –different from a genome –Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA.
transcriptome
20
UAA UAG UGA
stop codons
21
RNA
•Occurs in all parts of cell –Primary function is to synthesize the proteins –OH group present on carbon 2’ contains ribose sugar single stranded types: hnRNA, mRNA, SnRNA, rRNA, tRNA
23
Translation
phase of protein synthesis - a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule
24
splicing
involved in conversion of hnRNA to mRNA removes introns and joins exons
25
histone-DNA complexes –about 15% by mass DNA and 85% by mass protein. –Cells of different kinds of organisms have different numbers of these these occur in matched (homologous) pairs
chromosomes
26
–The pentose sugar and nitrogenous base react to form a “Nucleoside” –The Nucleoside reacts with a phosphate group to form a “Nucleotide”
nucleotide formation
27
–a DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message
introns
29
the lagging strand of DNA replication grows in these segments in the opposite direction
okazaki fragments
30
phase of protein synthesis - a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule
Translation
32
Heterocyclic bases
Part of nucleotide •Three pyrimidine derivatives - thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) •Two purine derivatives - adenine (A) and guanine (G) * Uracil (U): found only in RNA * Thymine (T) found only in DNA.
33
transcriptome
•All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome. –different from a genome –Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA.
35
secondary structure of nucleic acids
* structure involves two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other in a helical fashion * The two polynucleotides run anti-parallel (opposite directions) to each other, i.e., 5’ - 3’ and 3’ - 5’ * The bases are located at the center and hydrogen bonded (A=T and GΞC) Base composition: %A = %T and %C = %G
36
this is directly under the direction of DNA •divided into two phases. –Transcription – A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules –Translation – a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule
protein synthesis
36
stop codons
UAA UAG UGA
37
exons
–a gene segment that codes for genetic information
38
AUG
initiation codon
39
bond between 5' and 3' positions •5’ end has free phosphate and 3’ end has a free OH group
phosphodiester bond
40
gene
•A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule
41
Delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis
tRNA
42
initiation codon
AUG
43
•A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule
gene
44
•A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
codon
46
transcription
phase of protein synthesis A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules –Two-step process - (1) synthesis of hnRNA and (2) editing to yield mRNA molecule
47
Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes (the physical site for protein synthesis)
rRNA
48
* a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides. * Two Types: DNA and RNA
nucleic acid
49
protein synthesis
this is directly under the direction of DNA •divided into two phases. –Transcription – A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules –Translation – a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule
50
pentose sugar
component of nucleotides Ribose is present in RNA and 2-deoxyribose is present in DNA
51
cytosine, thymine and uracil
pyrimidines
52
All of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism
genome
53
adenine, guanine
purine
54
alternative splicing
•A process that ultimately leads to the formation of several different protein variants from a single gene –The process involves excision of one or more exons from hnRNA during splicing process. –The process occurs in a splicesome (a complex protein-nucleic acid molecular structure responsible for splicing hnRNA)
55
during replication, this enzyme checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages * can only function in the 5’-to-3’ direction * Therefore one strand (leading strand ) grows continuously in the direction of unwinding
DNA polymerase
56
nucleic acid
* a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides. * Two Types: DNA and RNA
57
A compound formed from a five-carbon monosaccharide and a purine or pyrimidine base derivative.
nucleoside
59
steps in transcription process
•Unwinding of DNA double helix to expose some bases (a gene): –The unwinding process is governed by RNA polymerase •Alignment of free ribonucleotides along the exposed DNA strand (template) forming new base pairs •RNA polymerase catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides one by one to form mRNA molecule •Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme encounters a stop signal on the DNA template: –The newly formed RNA molecule and the RNA polymerase enzyme are released
60
introns
–a DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message
62
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine and uracil
63
•The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals) Many amino acids are designated by more than one codon –The same codon specifies the same amino acid whether the cell is a bacterial cell, a corn plant cell, or a human cell.
genetic code
64
–a gene segment that codes for genetic information
exons
65
nucleic acid backbone
sugar-phosphate groups
66
part of nucleotide * derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4) * Under cellular pH conditions, the phosphoric acid is fully dissociated to give a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-)
Phosphate group
67
nucleotide
make up nucleic acids 3 parts: phosphate group, pentose sugar and heterocyclic base
68
purine
adenine, guanine
69
sugar-phosphate groups
nucleic acid backbone
71
tRNA
Delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis
72
genome
All of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism
73
* structure involves two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other in a helical fashion * The two polynucleotides run anti-parallel (opposite directions) to each other, i.e., 5’ - 3’ and 3’ - 5’ * The bases are located at the center and hydrogen bonded (A=T and GΞC) Base composition: %A = %T and %C = %G
secondary structure of nucleic acids
74
Part of nucleotide •Three pyrimidine derivatives - thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) •Two purine derivatives - adenine (A) and guanine (G) * Uracil (U): found only in RNA * Thymine (T) found only in DNA.
Heterocyclic bases
75
involved in conversion of hnRNA to mRNA removes introns and joins exons
splicing

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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