Chapter 19 Flashcards
1
Q
Carboxylic acids with linear (unbranched) carbon chain. Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids
types: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
A
fatty acids
1
Q
fatty acid with a single double bond
A
monounsaturated fatty acid
MUFA
1
Q
type of eicosanoid
1.: C20-fatty-acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
–Involved in raising body temperature,
–Inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices,
–Increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach,
–Relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain, and enhancing inflammation responses.
A
Prostoglandins
1
Q
type of eicosanoid
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing three conjugated double bonds and hydroxyl groups
– Promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses
A
Leukotrienes
2
Q
Hydrolysis reaction that occurs in a basic solution.
Occurs for some lipids when placed in aqueous solution
•Produces salt of fatty acid and glycerol
can be complete or partial
makes soap
A
Saponification reaction
2
Q
Depends Upon:
–Length of carbon chain (longer has higher melting point)
–Degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds in a molecule) (more saturated has higher melting point)
A
Melting point of lipids
3
Q
Nonsaponifiable lipids
A
saponification does not occur when lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution
bile acids, steroid hormones
and eicosanoids
3
Q
Long chain fatty acids
A
C12 - C26
3
Q
Thromboxanes
A
type of eicosanoid
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
̶Promote platelet aggregation.
3
Q
steroid hormone
A
type of messenger lipid
derivative of cholesterol
2 types: sex hormone and adrenocorticoid hormone
4
Q
structural notation
A
it indicates number of C atoms and number of double bonds
4
Q
energy storage lipid
•Predominantly unsaturated
•Liquids at room temperature
come from plants and fish oil
A
oils
5
Q
•a substance moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular energy.
–Proteins involved in active transport are called “pumps.” The needed energy is supplied by molecules such as ATP.
A
active transport
6
Q
Omega (ω)-3 fatty acids
A
An unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.
Linolenic acid
6
Q
membrane lipids
A
surround cells
mostly phospholipids
3 types: phospholipids, shingoglycolipids and cholesterol
7
Q
cholesterol
A
type of membrane lipid and a steroid
•A steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system of three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring.
•Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue and brain tissue
–Important in chemical synthesis of various hormones and vitamins essential for life
in Animal food, not plant food
7
Q
partial hydrolysis
(acidic)
A
hydrolysis where one or two fatty acids are removed from glycerol
8
Q
Gangliosides
A
Complex sphingoglycolipids
- contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues.
- Occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath.
9
Q
Melting point of lipids
A
Depends Upon:
–Length of carbon chain (longer has higher melting point)
–Degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds in a molecule) (more saturated has higher melting point)
10
Q
emulsifier
A
•a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution.
12
Q
an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end.
Linoleic acid
A
Omega (ω)-6 fatty acid
13
Q
Saponifiable Lipid
A
A lipid that undergoes hydrolysis in a basic solution to yield 2 or more small molecules.
•is possible in molecules that contain the following linkages (bonds):Ester, Amide and Glycosidic
Types:
Triacylglycerols, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingophospholipids, Sphingoglycolipids, Biological waxes
14
Q
C6 - C11
A
Medium chain fatty acids
15
Q
biological wax
A
a type of protective-coating lipid
•a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.
•The fatty acids found in biological waxes:
–Generally are saturated fatty acids
–Contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms.
• The alcohols found in biological waxes:
–May be saturated or unsaturated
–May contain 16 to 30 carbon atoms.
15
fatty acid needed that must be obtained from diet because it is not synthesized in the body
two most important are linoleic acid and linolenic acid
essential fatty acids
16
phospholipids
type of membrane lipid
•contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule (glycerol or sphingosine) to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
2 types: glycerphospholipids and sphingophospholipids
18
Linoleic Acid Deficiency
Skin redness - becomes irritated
–Infections and dehydration
–Liver abnormalities
–Children need it the most
–Human milk has more than cow’s milk
19
saturated fatty acid
SFA
fatty acid with only single bonds
20
polyunsaturated fatty acid
PUFA
fatty acid with more than one double bond (up to six)
21
oxidation
Double bonds in triacylglycerols break to produce aldehyde and carboxylic acid (which often smell bad - rancid)
To avoid this process antioxidants are used as preservatives
22
Skin redness - becomes irritated
–Infections and dehydration
–Liver abnormalities
–Children need it the most
–Human milk has more than cow’s milk
Linoleic Acid Deficiency
23
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline
•are found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons
sphingomyelins
25
monounsaturated fatty acid
MUFA
fatty acid with a single double bond
26
•a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution.
emulsifier
27
all fatty acids are the same
•Three identical fatty acids are esterified
rare in nature
simple triacylglycerol
28
hydrolysis where one or two fatty acids are removed from glycerol
partial hydrolysis
| (acidic)
29
it indicates number of C atoms and number of double bonds
structural notation
30
fatty acid with only single bonds
saturated fatty acid
SFA
30
Complex sphingoglycolipids
* contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues.
* Occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath.
Gangliosides
31
facilitated transport
•a substance moves across a cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
–The specific protein carriers or transporters are involved in the process
31
a type of protective-coating lipid
•a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.
biological wax
32
Prostoglandins
type of eicosanoid
1.: C20-fatty-acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
–Involved in raising body temperature,
–Inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices,
–Increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach,
–Relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain, and enhancing inflammation responses.
33
•a substance moves across a cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
–The specific protein carriers or transporters are involved in the process
facilitated transport
33
essential fatty acids
fatty acid needed that must be obtained from diet because it is not synthesized in the body
two most important are linoleic acid and linolenic acid
34
simple triacylglycerol
all fatty acids are the same
•Three identical fatty acids are esterified
rare in nature
36
glycerophospholipids
* a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.
* All attachments (bonds) between groups are ester linkages (four ester linkages)
a type of phopholipid
polar, component in cell membrane
37
fatty acid with more than one double bond (up to six)
polyunsaturated fatty acid
PUFA
39
oils
energy storage lipid
•Predominantly unsaturated
•Liquids at room temperature
come from plants and fish oil
40
does not undergo hydrolysis in basic solution
Cholesterol
Bile acids,
Steroid hormones
Eicosanoids
nonsaponifiable lipids
41
•a substance moves across a cell membrane by diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
–Only a few types of molecules, including O2, N2, H2O, urea, and ethanol, can cross membranes by passive transport
passive transport
41
type of emulsification lipid
•Cholesterol derivatives that functions as emulsifying agents that make dietary lipids soluble in aqueous environment of the digestive tract:
–Approximately one third of cholesterol produced by liver is converted to this.
–Action similar to soap in washing
•they are tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives
•The carbon 17 side chain of cholesterol has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid
•The oxidized acid side chain is bonded to an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) through an amide linkage
bile acids
42
Medium chain fatty acids
C6 - C11
43
acidic hydrolysis
reverse of esterification
splits triacylglycerol
products are glycerol and fatty acids
types are complete and partial
44
membrane proteins
–Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane
–Receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters
45
* a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.
* All attachments (bonds) between groups are ester linkages (four ester linkages)
a type of phopholipid
polar, component in cell membrane
glycerophospholipids
47
cell membranes
cells surrounded by this
–Separates aqueous interior of a cell from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell
–Up to 80% of plasma membrane is lipid material
–The membranes are lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids
–Bilayer: Nonpolar tails of phospholipids in the middle and polar heads are on the surface
•6 - 9 billionths of a meter thick or 6-9 nanometer thick
–The membrane is a liquid like structure due to unsaturation in lipid tails
48
addition of H across a double bond increases saturation
many food products are made by this (margarine from vegetable oil and peanut butter from peanut oil)
hydrogenation
49
surround cells
mostly phospholipids
3 types: phospholipids, shingoglycolipids and cholesterol
membrane lipids
49
type of messenger lipid
```
arachidonic acid (20:4) derivatives
–Have profound physiological effects at extremely low concentrations.
```
Physiological effects of this:
–Inflammatory response
–Production of pain and fever
–Regulation of blood pressure
–Induction of blood clotting
–Control of reproductive functions, such as induction of labor
–Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle
3 types: Prostoglandins, Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
Eicosanoids
50
type of steroid hormone
–control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
•Classified into three major groups:
–Estrogens - the female sex hormones
–Androgens - the male sex hormones
–Progestins - the pregnancy hormones
sex hormones
51
An unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.
Linolenic acid
Omega (ω)-3 fatty acids
51
energy storage lipid
•Predominantly Saturated
•Solids or semisolids at room temperature
come from animals (cheese)
unhealthy
fats
52
type of embrane lipid
•contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule (glycerol or sphingosine) to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
2 types: glycerphospholipids and sphingophospholipids
phospholipids
54
C4 - C5
Short-chain fatty acids
55
Sphingophospholipids
type of phospholipid
•Contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
* Structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine
* Saponifiable lipids
56
Leukotrienes
type of eicosanoid
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing three conjugated double bonds and hydroxyl groups
– Promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (allergy) responses
57
–Responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane
–Receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters
membrane proteins
57
•a biochemical substance produced by a ductless gland that has a messenger function.
serve as a means of communication between various tissues.
some are lipids (steroid hormones and eicosanoids)
hormones
59
hydrogenation
addition of H across a double bond increases saturation
many food products are made by this (margarine from vegetable oil and peanut butter from peanut oil)
60
type of messenger lipid
derivative of cholesterol
2 types: sex hormone and adrenocorticoid hormone
steroid hormone
62
bile acids
type of emulsification lipid
•Cholesterol derivatives that functions as emulsifying agents that make dietary lipids soluble in aqueous environment of the digestive tract:
–Approximately one third of cholesterol produced by liver is converted to this.
–Action similar to soap in washing
•they are tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives
•The carbon 17 side chain of cholesterol has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid
•The oxidized acid side chain is bonded to an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) through an amide linkage
63
type of eicosanoid
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
̶Promote platelet aggregation.
Thromboxanes
65
triaclygycerol
or
triglycerides
a type of energy storing lipid
concentrated in adipocytes
2 types: simple and mixed
66
sex hormones
type of steroid hormone
–control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
•Classified into three major groups:
–Estrogens - the female sex hormones
–Androgens - the male sex hormones
–Progestins - the pregnancy hormones
67
Double bonds in triacylglycerols break to produce aldehyde and carboxylic acid (which often smell bad - rancid)
To avoid this process antioxidants are used as preservatives
oxidation
69
lipid
An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
do not have common structural features but common building block is fatty acid
5 types: energy storage, membrane, bile acid, messenger and protective coating
71
hormones
•a biochemical substance produced by a ductless gland that has a messenger function.
serve as a means of communication between various tissues.
some are lipids (steroid hormones and eicosanoids)
72
Simple sphingoglycolipids. contains a single monosaccharide unit - either glucose or galactose
–They occur primarily in brain (7% of dry mass)
cerebrosides
73
Saponification reaction
Hydrolysis reaction that occurs in a basic solution.
Occurs for some lipids when placed in aqueous solution
•Produces salt of fatty acid and glycerol
can be complete or partial
makes soap
74
cerebrosides
Simple sphingoglycolipids. contains a single monosaccharide unit - either glucose or galactose
–They occur primarily in brain (7% of dry mass)
75
hydrolysis where all three fatty acids are removed from glycerol
complete hydrolysis
| (acidic)
76
Short chain fatty acids have some solubility whereas long chain fatty acids are insoluble
–Short chain fatty acids are sparingly soluble because
of carboxylic acid polar group
Water solubility of lipids
78
An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
do not have common structural features but common building block is fatty acid
5 types: energy storage, membrane, bile acid, messenger and protective coating
lipid
80
Sphingoglycolipids
type of membrane lipid
Contains both a fatty acid and carbohydrate attached ti a sohingosine molecule
81
fats
energy storage lipid
•Predominantly Saturated
•Solids or semisolids at room temperature
come from animals (cheese)
unhealthy
82
C12 - C26
Long chain fatty acids
83
Short-chain fatty acids
C4 - C5
85
Omega (ω)-6 fatty acid
an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end
Linoleic acid.
87
Water solubility of lipids
Short chain fatty acids have some solubility whereas long chain fatty acids are insoluble
–Short chain fatty acids are sparingly soluble because
of carboxylic acid polar group
89
passive transport
•a substance moves across a cell membrane by diffusion from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
–Only a few types of molecules, including O2, N2, H2O, urea, and ethanol, can cross membranes by passive transport
90
type of phospholipid
•Contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
* Structures based on the 18-carbon monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine
* Saponifiable lipids
Sphingophospholipids
91
Eicosanoids
type of messenger lipid
```
arachidonic acid (20:4) derivatives
–Have profound physiological effects at extremely low concentrations.
```
Physiological effects of this:
–Inflammatory response
–Production of pain and fever
–Regulation of blood pressure
–Induction of blood clotting
–Control of reproductive functions, such as induction of labor
–Regulation of the sleep/wake cycle
3 types: Prostoglandins, Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
92
reverse of esterification
splits triacylglycerol
products are glycerol and fatty acids
types are complete and partial
acidic hydrolysis
93
A lipid that undergoes hydrolysis in a basic solution to yield 2 or more small molecules.
•is possible in molecules that contain the following linkages (bonds):Ester, Amide and Glycosidic
Types:
## Footnote
Triacylglycerols, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingophospholipids, Sphingoglycolipids, Biological waxes
Saponifiable Lipid
94
sphingomyelins
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline
•are found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons
95
a type of energy storing lipid
concentrated in adipocytes
2 types: simple and mixed
triaclygycerol
or
triglycerides
97
Adrenocorticoid Hormones
type of steroid hormone
•Produced by the adrenal glands - small organs located on top of each kidney
•28 Different hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex
•Two types of these:
–Mineralocorticoids - control the balance of Na and K ions in cells
–Glucocorticoids - control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation
98
complete hydrolysis
| (acidic)
hydrolysis where all three fatty acids are removed from glycerol
99
fatty acids are different
•A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid
common in nature
mixed triacylglycerol
100
type of membrane lipid and a steroid
•A steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system of three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring.
•Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue and brain tissue
–Important in chemical synthesis of various hormones and vitamins essential for life
in Animal food, not plant food
cholesterol
101
type of membrane lipid
Contains both a fatty acid and carbohydrate attached ti a sohingosine molecule
Sphingoglycolipids
102
type of steroid hormone
•Produced by the adrenal glands - small organs located on top of each kidney
•28 Different hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex
•Two types of these:
–Mineralocorticoids - control the balance of Na and K ions in cells
–Glucocorticoids - control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation
Adrenocorticoid Hormones
103
mixed triacylglycerol
fatty acids are different
•A triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid
common in nature
104
active transport
•a substance moves across a cell membrane, with the aid of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of cellular energy.
–Proteins involved in active transport are called “pumps.” The needed energy is supplied by molecules such as ATP.
105
cells surrounded by this
–Separates aqueous interior of a cell from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell
–Up to 80% of plasma membrane is lipid material
–The membranes are lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids
–Bilayer: Nonpolar tails of phospholipids in the middle and polar heads are on the surface
•6 - 9 billionths of a meter thick or 6-9 nanometer thick
–The membrane is a liquid like structure due to unsaturation in lipid tails
cell membranes
106
nonsaponifiable lipids
does not undergo hydrolysis in basic solution
Cholesterol
Bile acids,
Steroid hormones
Eicosanoids
107
fatty acids
Carboxylic acids with linear (unbranched) carbon chain. Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids
types: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
108
saponification does not occur when lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution
bile acids, steroid hormones
and eicosanoids
Nonsaponifiable lipids
