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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A
  • communication
  • allows the body to work together like a machine
  • responsible for behaviors, memories, and movements
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2
Q

What structures and organs make up the nervous systems?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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3
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory
  • integrative function
  • motor
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4
Q

Describe the sensory function.

A
  • senses changes in internal and external environment

- uses sensory neurons

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5
Q

Describe the integrative function.

A
  • analyzes sensory information and makes decisions

- association or interneurons perform this function

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6
Q

Describe the motor function.

A
  • responds to stimuli by initiating action

- uses motor neurons

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  • Afferent and Efferent Divisions
  • Somatic and Autonomis Systems
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8
Q

What is the role of the CNS?

A
  • the structural and functional center of the entire nervous system
  • integrates incoming pieces of sensory information, evaluate it, and initiate an outgoing response
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9
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

-nerve tissues that lie in the periphery

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10
Q

What structures are part of the CNS?

A

-brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What structures are part of the PNS?

A

-cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

What type of information is sent afferently?

A

-incoming sensory pathways

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13
Q

What type of information is sent efferently?

A

-outgoing motor pathways

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14
Q

What are the target structures of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • carry information to the skeletal muscles

- receives information from the somatic sensory division

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15
Q

What are the target structures of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • carry information to the visceral effectors

- involuntary

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16
Q

What are two types of autonomic responses?

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)

- parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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17
Q

What is the enteric nervous system? What is unique about it?

A
  • the second brain
  • in the wall of the gut
  • can act somewhat independently
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18
Q

What are glia?

A
  • cells that support the function of neurons

- maintain their ability to divide throughout adulthood

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19
Q

What are the neuroglia of the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
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20
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A

-schwann cells

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21
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • attach neurons to tiny blood capillaries in the brain
  • this feeds the neurons by picking up glucose in the blood
  • coordinate the production of new neurons
  • contribute to blood brain barrier
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22
Q

What do astrocytes look like?

A

-star shaped cells

23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? Function?

A
  • a double barrier made up of astrocyte feet and endothelial cells
  • prevents large molecules to pass through and enter the blood stream
24
Q

Why is the blood brain barrier clinically important?

A

-it is difficult for brain disorder treatments to work

25
What are microglia? Function?
- cells that engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris - phagocytosis
26
What are ependymal cells? Function?
- cells that form sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord - produce fluid
27
What unique cell process do ependymal cells have?
-contain cilia that helps circulate fluid
28
What are oligodendrocytes? Function?
- cells that produce a fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers - help hold nerve fibers together
29
What are schwann cells? Function?
- cells that use themselves to wrap around a single nerve fiber - nodes of ranvier
30
What is a satellite cell?
-surrounds the cell body of a neuron
31
Describe the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated.
- myelinated: white matter, wrapped with cells | - unmyelinated: grey matter, just held together, not wrapped
32
What is the structure of a neuron?
- soma - axon - dendrites
33
What is the cell body and what do you find inside?
- middle part | - contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, nissl bodies, and neurotransmitters
34
What are dendrites and what is their function?
- branch extensions from the body that has many receptors | - receive stimuli and conduct electrical signals toward the cell body
35
What is the axon and what is their function?
- single process from the bottom of the soma | - conducts impulses away from the cell body
36
How does diameter and myelination relate to the speed of an electrical impulse?
-the larger the diameter the more rapid the conduction
37
How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the function of the neuron?
-the microtubules form a railway for the rapid transport of small organelles to and from the far ends of the neuron
38
What are the three structural types or neurons? Describe
- multipolar - bipolar - unipolar
39
What are the three functional types of neurons? Define
- afferent - efferent - interneurons
40
Where do you find interneurons?
-in a three neuron arc
41
What is a reflex arc?
- a signal conduction route to and from the CNS | - like a regulatory feedback loop
42
What is a three neuron arc?
- the afferent neuron detects something like stepping on a nail - it goes up to the integrator and the interneuron - switches to the other side of the brain - the efferent neuron tells the opposite leg to hold and support all the body's weight
43
What is a two neuron arc?
-when the doctor hits you knee with a hammer and your leg kicks
44
What is a synapse?
-the place where the nerve information is transmitted from one neuron to another
45
What is a nerve?
-bundles of peripheral nerve fibers (axons and dendrites) that connect different regions of the nervous system
46
What is the structure of a nerve?
- endoneurium: surrounds the schwann cells - perineurium: surrounds bundles of nerve fibers; makes a fascicle - epineurium: surrounds many fascicles; the deep part separates each fascicle
47
What is a tract?
-bundles of nerve fibers
48
How are nerves different from tracts?
- tracts do not have connective tissue coverings | - tracts are in the spinal cord and brain
49
What is white matter?
- myelinated | - tracts and nerves
50
What is gray matter?
-unmyelinated
51
What do you call collections of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS?
- Nuclei in CNS | - Ganglia in PNS
52
How are nerves repaired?
1. myelin and axon break into droplets 2. WBCs phagocytose droplets 3. axonal sprount enters damaged area 4. Schwann cells form new myelin sheaths
53
Why is it hard for nerves to be repaired?
- only occurs when damage is not extensive - soma and neurilemma are still intact - scarring cannot have occured

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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