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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is membranous epithelium?

A

-lines surfaces

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2
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium?

A
  • protection
  • sensory
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
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3
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

-Without blood

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4
Q

What are the avascular structures discussed in Chapter 9?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
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5
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

-thin, double extracellular layer that serves as a point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue

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6
Q

What is the basement lamina?

A
  • close to and secreted by epithelial cells

- contains glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans

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7
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A
  • closer to the underlying connective tissue

- contains collagen secreted by connective tissue cells

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8
Q

What are the different kinds of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Membranous: Cutaneous, Serous, and Mucous

- Glandular

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9
Q

Where is cutaneous tissue found?

A

-the skin

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10
Q

What is the function of cutaneous tissue?

A

-it protects tissues and organs from the external environment

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11
Q

Where is serous tissue found?

A

-heart, abdomen, and lungs

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12
Q

What is the function of serous tissue?

A

-double layer that secretes lubricating liquid to prevent damage from friction

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13
Q

Where is mucous tissue found?

A
  • in areas that open to the outside

- nose, ears, mouth, anus

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14
Q

What is the function of mucous tissue?

A

-to trap the bad things that come into the body and not allow them to pass any further

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15
Q

Where is glandular tissue found?

A
  • endocrine glands

- exocrine glands

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16
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

-to secrete hormones into the blood and outside world

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17
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones into the blood system

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18
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

-glands that secrete hormones outside of the body

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19
Q

Where are the endocrine glands found?

A

ex. hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands

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20
Q

Where are the exocrine glands found?

A

ex. sweat, salivary, mammary, and sebaceous glands

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21
Q

What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?

A
  • simple or compound

- tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar

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22
Q

What are the three ways that exocrine glands secrete their product?

A
  • Apocrine
  • Holocrine
  • Merocrine
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23
Q

What is Apocrine secretion and where is it found?

A
  • the plasma membrane balloons off

- found in mammary glands

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24
Q

What is Holocrine secretion and where is it found?

A
  • the cell ruptures and releases all of its contents

- found in sweat glands

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25
What is Merocrine secretion and where is it found?
- channel proteins allow the product to release | - found in salivary glands
26
Simple squamous
-good for diffusion
27
What is the endothelium and where is it found?
- simple squamous epithelium | - lines inside of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels
28
What is mesothelium and where is it found?
- simple squamous epithelium | - lines serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum)
29
Simple cuboidal
- good for secretion | - glands
30
Simple columnar
- good for ABSORPTION and secretion | - digestive tract
31
Apical part of a cell
-faces the ECM
32
Basal part of the cell
-faces the internal part of the cell
33
Goblet cells
-cells that are in between the columnar cells that secrete mucus
34
Pseudostratified columnar
-found in the respiratory tract
35
Stratified squamous
- named by the looks of the top layer only - protection - skin, esophagus, vagina
36
What is keratinized?
-skin
37
What is nonkeratinized?
-mouth, esophagus, vagina
38
What are the functions of connective tissue?
- binds tissues - supports and strengthens tissues - transports (blood) - protects and insulates internal organs - energy reserve - immune responses
39
What does vascular mean?
-With blood
40
Is connective tissue vascular?
-Yes, except for cartilage and tendons
41
What are the components of the Extracellular Matrix?
- ground substance (binds cells, store water, allows exchange between blood and cells) - fibers - proteoglycans
42
What are the three fibers found in the ECM?
- collagenous - reticular - elastic
43
What cells are found in connective tissue?
- Fibroblasts - Adipocytes - Mast, WBC, Macrophages, Plasma Cells
44
What is the role of the Fibroblasts?
- make cartilage | - secrete fibers and components of ground substance
45
What is the role of adipocytes?
-store fat
46
What are the roles of: - mast cells - WBCs - Macrophages - Plasma Cells
-they all have a different immune response
47
What are the classifications of connective tissue?
- Fibrous - Bone - Cartilage - Blood
48
What is fibrous tissue?
-loose connective tissue
49
What is loose fibrous (areolar) connective tissue?
- tissue between tissues and organs - stretchable - contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and all 3 fibers
50
What is adipose tissue? What does it contain? What are its three functions?
- fat tissue - energy storage, insulation, protection - contains TRIGLYCERIDES
51
What are the differences between white and brown adipose tissue?
- brown: babies | - white: adults
52
What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found?
- a fine net of reticular fibers | - spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
53
What is dense fibrous connective tissue?
- contains many fibers packed densely - few fibroblast cells - looks disorganized
54
What are characteristics of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- bundles of collagen fibers intertwine irregular arrangements - can withstand stress from any direction - strong inner skin layer, dermis
55
What are characteristics of collagenous regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- bundles of collagen fibers arranged in regular parallel rows - found in tendons and ligaments
56
What are characteristics of | elastic regular dense fibrous connective tissue and where is it found?
- contains branching elastic fibers - can recoil to their original shape - found in lung tissue and arteries
57
What are bones?
- organs composed of different connective tissues: - periosteum - bone tissue - endosteum
58
What types of bone are there?
- compact | - cancellous or spongey
59
What is the function of compact bone?
- support and protection - mineral reserve - made of many osteons
60
What is the function of spongey bone?
- produce new blood cells - support red bone marrow - gives internal support to the bone
61
What types of fibers make up cartilage?
- collagen fibers - elastic fibers - reticular fibers
62
What are chondrocytes?
- cartilage cells | - produce fibers and tough, rubbery ground substance of cartilage
63
What is the perichondrium and what is unique about it?
- connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage | - contains blood vessels- nutrients diffuse into cartilage from here
64
What are the three types of cartilage?
- hyaline cartilage - fibrocartilage - elastic cartilage
65
Where do you find the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline: low collagen, most prevalent, found in trachea and end of bones; flexibility, support, reduces friction Fibrocartilage: strongest, dense collagen, shock absorbers, in between vertebrae and knee joints Elastic: few collagen, lots of elastic, highly flexible; ear, voice box
66
What is important about blood?
-Blood is a liquid; no fibers except when clotting
67
What are the functions of muscle?
- movement, generating heat, protection | - elongated muscle fibers called myocytes
68
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal - smooth - cardiac
69
Describe skeletal muscle and where it's found.
- voluntary - striated - multinucleated - attached to bones
70
Describe smooth muscle and where it's found.
- involuntary - nonstriated - single nucleus - in the walls of hollow organs - blood vessels, airways, stomach, intestines
71
Describe cardiac muscle and where it's found.
- involuntary - striated - single nucleus - intercalated discs (gap junctions) - in heart
72
What types of cells make up nervous tissue?
- neurons | - neuroglia
73
Where is nervous tissue found?
- brain - spinal cord - nerves
74
What is the function of nervous tissue?
-rapidly regulates the activities of different parts of the body

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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