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A&P II > Chapter 18 Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Atria

A

Small, upper spaces of the heart; right and left paired atria

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2
Q

Ventricles

A

Large, lower spaces of the heart; right and left paired ventricles

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Right side of heart
  • Thin muscle wall
  • Chamber slightly smaller
  • Lower pressure
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4
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • Left side of heart
  • Thick muscle wall
  • Chamber slightly larger
  • High pressure
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5
Q

Artery

A

Takes blood away from the heart

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6
Q

Vein

A

Takes blood toward the heart

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7
Q

Deoxygenated

A

Oxygen-poor

  • Arteries of pulmonary circulation
  • Veins of systemic circulation
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8
Q

Oxygenated

A

Oxygen-rich

  • Veins of pulmonary circulation
  • Arteries of systemic circulation
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9
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

-Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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10
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

-Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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11
Q

Capillary bed

A

Where gas exchange occurs in lungs and body tissues

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12
Q

Aorta

A
  • Into which the left ventricle discharges blood

- From which all systemic arteries diverge to supply the body tissues

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13
Q

Parietal pleura

A

-lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Pericardium

A

-Double-walled fibroserous sac which encloses the heart

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15
Q

Superior vena cava

A

-From with the right atrium receives relatively oxygen-poor blood

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16
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Composed of dense connective tissue

- Lined by the serous parietal pericardium

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17
Q

Epicardium

A

-closely applied to the heart muscle (also called the visceral epicardium)

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18
Q

Myocardium

A
  • walls of the heart

- composed primarily of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

-thin serous endothelium which lines the ventricles

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20
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

-Bundles of muscle tissue that form the ridges in the walls of the atrium

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21
Q

Papillary muscle

A
  • Small bundles of cardiac muscle that project from the myocardial wall
  • From which the chordae tendineae originate
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22
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

-tiny white collagenic cords that anchor the cusps of the to the ventricular wall

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23
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

-irregular ridges of muscle that mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers

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24
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

-Separates the left atrium and ventricle

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25
Tricuspid valve
-Separates the right atrium and ventricle
26
Semilunar valves
- Composed of three pocketlike cusps | - guard the base of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
27
Ligamentum arteriosum
-fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus
28
Intercalated discs
Areas where the cells interdiditate
29
Desmosomes
- contained in the intercalated discs | - prevent adjacent cells from separating during contraction
30
Pacemaker potential
-slow depolarization due to opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels
31
SA node
- located in the right atrial wall | - generate impulses
32
AV node
- located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum | - impulses pause here
33
Pacemaker
the SA node
34
Internodal pathway
-the pathway that electrical impulses follow
35
Atrioventricular bundle
-connects the atria to the ventricles
36
Purkinje fibers
- depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles | - also known as the contractile cells of both ventricles
37
Interventricular septum
-separates the ventricles
38
EKG
Electrocardiograph; shows electricity in the heart
39
P wave
Atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node
40
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
41
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
42
SV
Stroke volume; SV=EDV-ESV
43
EDV
End diastolic volume; blood that collects in the ventricle during diastole
44
ESV
End systolic volume, blood that remains in the ventricle after it has contracted
45
Preload
Degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction; affects EDV
46
Contractility
Contractile strength at a given muscle strength; increases with Ca2+ influx
47
Afterload
Back pressure exerted by arterial blood; the pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood from the heart
48
Secondary messenger system
- With norepinephrine, cAMP system to catalyze and activate protein kinases - Affects SR to release Ca2+ - Increased actin-myosin interaction - increases contractile force
49
Norepinephrine
Increases heart contractility via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system
50
Tachycardia
Heart hurry | -Above 100/min
51
Bradycardia
Slow heart | -Under 60/min
52
Congestive heart failure
-Pumping efficiency so low that tissue needs are not met
53
Coronary atherosclerosis
Fatty buildup that clogs the coronary arteries; impairs blood and oxygen delivery
54
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack; dead cells replaced with noncontractile scar tissue
55
Dilated cardiomyopathy
-Ventricles stretched out and "flabby"
56
Pulmonary congestion
When the left side of the heart fails, blood vessels in the lungs become engorged; suffocation
57
Peripheral congestion
When right side of the heart fails; edema
58
Edema
Swelling in the tissues due to excess fluid
59
Ventricular septal defect
Superior part of the interventricular septum fails to form
60
Coarcation of the aorta
A part of the aorta is narrowed, increasing the work load on the left ventricle
61
Tetralogy of fallot
Multiple defects - Pulmonary trunk too narrow - Ventrical septal defect - Aorta opens from both ventricles - Wall of right ventricle thickened

A&P II (8 decks)

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