Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P II > Chapter 16 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormone

A

steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

target cell

A

tissue cells that have a specific receptor for a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrine cell

A

ductless glands that secrete their hormones into the surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocrine system

A

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

have a neural function and release hormones (hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

norepinephrine

A

A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

exocrine gland

A

glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

amino acid based hormone

A

most hormones are composed of amino acids; hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

steroids

A

synthesized from cholesterol (only gonadal and adrenocortical); hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

eicosnaoids

A

leukotrienes: inflammation and allergic reactions
prostaglandins: multiple targets and effects (blood pressure, contractions, pain, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hydrophilic hormones

A

all amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid); do not need a carrier protein and act on receptor in the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transport protein

A

required by steroids and thyroid hormone to move through the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

free (unbound) hormone

A

does not have a transport protein; can leave capillary to reach target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bound hormone

A

hormone attached to a transport protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secondary messenger system

A

A system of plasma membrane receptors for hormone action (Cyclic AMP & PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cyclic AMP signaling mechanism

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP; activates protein kinases during cAMP mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hormone receptor

A

Acts as the first messenger; hormone causes receptor to change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

G protein

A

Activated by receptor; activates an enzyme (such as adenylate cyclase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

effector enzymes

A

Activated by a G protein; may be stimulated or inhibited depending on the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amplification effect

A

when one hormone molecule leads to millions of final product molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phosphodiesterase

A

Intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

A
  1. Receptor activates G protein
  2. G protein activates phospholipase C
  3. Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into 2 second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inosital triphosphate (IP3)
  4. DAG activates protein kinase enzyme; IP3 releases Ca2+
  5. Ca2+ takes on second-messenger role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

phospholipase C

A

splits a plasma membrane phospholipid called PIP2 into 2 second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) & inositol triphosphate (IP3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cGMP
acts as a second messenger for selected hormones
26
up-regulation
when low levels of a hormone cause its target cells to form additional receptors
27
down-regulation
when prolonged exposure to high hormone levels causes a decrease in the number of receptors
28
affinity of hormone
the strength of the bond between the hormone and receptor
29
permissiveness
when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone
30
synergism
when more than one hormone produces the same affect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified
31
antagonism
when one hormone opposes the effects of another hormone
32
negative feedback system
when release of a hormone inhibits the production of itself
33
humoral stimuli
when a change in blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients stimulates hormone release
34
neural stimuli
when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
35
hormonal stimuli
when hormones produced by other endocrine glands simulate the release of other hormones
36
hypothalamus
controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland; connected by infundibulum
37
pituitary gland
seated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; contains two lobes, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary
38
hypophysis
another name for the pituitary gland; means "to grow under"
39
adenohypophysis
another name for the anterior pituitary; secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL)
40
hypophyseal portal system
An unusual arrangement of blood vessels that carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
41
neurohypophysis
another name for the posterior pituitary plus the infundibulum; hormone storage area that secretes neurohormones (oxytocin and ADH) made by the hypothalamus
42
gonadotropins
hormones that regulate the function of the gonads; FSH and LH
43
FSH
stimulates production of gametes (sperm and eggs)
44
LH
promotes production of gonadal hormones
45
TSH
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland
46
ACTH
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones
47
PRL
stimulates milk production by the breasts
48
GH
an anabolic (tissue building) hormone that has both metabolic and growth-promoting actions
49
hypopituitarism
-pituitary dwarfism
50
hyperpituitarism
- gigantism | - acromegaly
51
thyroid follicles
make up the thyroid gland; follicular cells produce thyroglobulin
52
colloid
an amber colored, sticky material in the central cavity of the follicle consisting of thyroglobulin molecules with attached iodine atoms
53
parafollicular cells
a population of endocrine glands in the thyroid that produce calcitonin
54
thyroid hormones
composed of two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
55
parathyroid gland
located in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
56
chief cells
cells of the parathyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
57
oxyphil cells
make up the parathyroid gland
58
PTH
controls calcium balance in the blood
59
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
60
mineralocorticoids
produced by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex; regulate electrolyte levels of the extracellular fluid
61
gluocorticoids
produced by the zona fasciculata; influence the energy metabolism of most body cells and help us resist stressors
62
sex steroids
(gonadocorticoids) produced by the zona reticularis; secretes weak androgens, or male sex hormones
63
Cushing syndrome
Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH;
64
Pheochromocytoma
Caused by hypersecretion of catecholamines
65
adrenogenital syndrome
Caused by hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids
66
Addison disease
Major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex
67
chromaffin cells
Modified ganglionic neurons that produce catecholamines
68
catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine; reinforce and prolong the fight-or-flight response
69
gonads
ovaries and testes; produce steroid sex hormones
70
estrogen
maturation of reproductive organs and promotes secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
71
progesterone
works with estrogen for breast development and uterine cycle
72
testes
male gonads that produce testosterone
73
testosterone
maturation and maintenance of male reproductive organs; responsible for sex drive and normal sperm production

A&P II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions