Chapter 21 Immune System

Question 1

Innate immune system

Answer 1

• Non-specific, born with this system
• Protective barriers (skin)
• General chemical signals

Question 2

Adaptive immune system

Answer 2

• Specific, adapted

- Response specific to antigen

Question 3

Pathogen

Answer 3

-Harmful, disease causing microorganisms

Question 4

Mechanical barrier

Answer 4

-Physical obstruction

Question 5

Lysozyme

Answer 5

-In saliva to destroy bacteria

Question 6

Phagocytes

Answer 6

-Primary types are macrophages derived from monocytes (free or fixed)

Question 7

Natural killer cells (NK)

Answer 7

• Cells in the blood and lymph that lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells
• Recognize cell surface sugars
• Release perforins to attack membranes

Question 8

Hyperemia

Answer 8

-The redness and heat of blood congesting in an area

Question 9

Exudate

Answer 9

-Fluid with clotting factors and antibodies from bloodstream into tissue spaces

Question 10

Edema

Answer 10

-Swelling and pain by stimulating nerves

Question 11

Leukocytosis

Answer 11

-Promote release of neutrophils from red-marrow

Question 12

Margination

Answer 12

-Inflamed areas sprout cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) providing footholds for neutrophils to cling to damaged area

Question 13

Diapedesis

Answer 13

-Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls

Question 14

Chemotaxis

Answer 14

-Neutrophils follow chemical gradient to site of the injury

Question 15

Antimicrobial proteins

Answer 15

-Interfere with microorganisms’ ability to reproduce

Question 16

Interferon

Answer 16

• Act against malignant cells
• Reduce inflammation in injured areas
• Activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells

Question 17

Complement

Answer 17

• Destroy foreign substances in the body by amplifying the inflammation process
• Kill bacteria by lysis

Question 18

Humoral immunity

Answer 18

• Antibody mediated immunity

- Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes

Question 19

Cellular immunity

Answer 19

• Cell mediated immunity

- Lymphocytes defend themselves directly

Question 20

Antigen

Answer 20

• Any foreign substance in the body that mobilize an immune response
• Target of immune system (nonself)

Question 21

Complete antigen

Answer 21

• Immunogenicity: stimulates proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
• Reactivity: Have the ability to react to the activated lymphocytes and antibodies

Question 22

Hapten

Answer 22

• Small molecules causing an allergic reaction

- Mount an attack once linked to body’s defenses

Question 23

MHC

Answer 23

• Major histocompatability complex
• Cell external surfaces have protein molecules, termed self antigens
• Glycoproteins mark cells as self
• Class I: found on all cells
• Class II: only certain cells acting in immune response

Question 24

Immunocompetent

Answer 24

-Able to recognize and bind to an antigen

Question 25

Humoral immune response

Answer 25

- Antigen challenge: first encounter between antigen and naive immunocompetent cell - If a B cell provokes a humoral immune response, antibodies are produced against the challenger

Question 26

Antigen challenge

Answer 26

-first encounter between antigen and naive immunocompetent cell

Question 27

Plasma cell

Answer 27

-Antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response

Question 28

Memory cell

Answer 28

-Can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen in the future

Question 29

Clone cells

Answer 29

- Most become plasma cells | - Other cells become memory cells

Question 30

Active humoral immunity

Answer 30

-Encounter antigen and produce antibody

Question 31

Passive humoral immunity

Answer 31

-Antibodies from external source, no response

Question 32

Naturally acquired active humoral immunity

Answer 32

-Infection, contact with pathogen

Question 33

Artificially acquired active humoral immunity

Answer 33

-Vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens

Question 34

Naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

Answer 34

-Antibodies pass from mother to fetus

Question 35

Artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

Answer 35

-Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

Question 36

C region

Answer 36

-Form stem of antibody, the effector region

Question 37

V region

Answer 37

-Antigen binding of antibody site shaped to fit a specific antigenic determinant

Question 38

Lethal hit

Answer 38

- Bind and release perforin into the plasma membrane - Detaches and continues - Perforins create transmembrane pores, causing cell lysis

Question 39

Perforin

Answer 39

-Create transmembrane pores during a lethal hit, causing cell lysis

Question 40

Lymphotoxin

Answer 40

-Fragments target cell DNA

Question 41

Tumor necrosis factor

Answer 41

-Triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) in 48-72 hours

Question 42

Gamma interferon

Answer 42

-Stimulates macrophages to killer status, enhancing phagocytosis

Question 43

Autograft

Answer 43

-Transplants within the same person

Question 44

Isograft

Answer 44

-Grafts between genetically identical twins

Question 45

Allograft

Answer 45

-Grafts between individuals that are not genetically identical, but of the same species (most transplants)

Question 46

Xenograft

Answer 46

-Grafts taken from another animal

Question 47

Immunodeficiency

Answer 47

-

Question 48

SCID

Answer 48

-Severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes (The Bubble Boy)

Question 49

Hodgkin disease

Answer 49

-Cancer of the lymph nodes

Question 50

AIDS

Answer 50

- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | - Destroys the effectiveness of CD4 cells

Question 51

Autoimmune disease

Answer 51

-Both congenital and acquired conditions causing abnormal function in phagocytes, immune cells, or complement

Question 52

Hypersensitivity

Answer 52

- Fighting a perceived threat: allergen | - Immediate, subacute, delayed

Question 53

Anaphylaxis

Answer 53

- First exposure sensitizes the person without symptoms - Produce huge amounts of antibody (IgE), and attach to mast cells and basophils - Second encounter: flood of histamine and inflammatory chemicals

Question 54

Atopy

Answer 54

-Spontaneous allergy without previous exposure

Question 55

Delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 55

- Cell mediated hypersensitivity including both cytotoxic and hypersensitive T-cells - Contact dermatitis - Protection against pathogens, cancer, foreign grafts and organs