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A&P II > Chapter 23 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A
  • GI tract
  • Digest and absorb food
  • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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2
Q

Ingestion

A

-The intake of food into the mouth

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3
Q

Propulsion

A

-Movement of particles through the alimentary canal, through peristalsis

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4
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

-Chewing and mixing food for chemical digestion and segmentation, rhythmic local constrictions in the stomach

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5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-Catabolation of particles into chemical building blocks; accomplished by enzymes

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6
Q

Absorption

A

-Passage of products from the GI lumen to the blood and lymph, though active and passive transport

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7
Q

Defecation

A

-Elimination of indigestible products

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

-Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

-Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs.

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10
Q

Short reflex

A

-Local control of enteric plexus (gut brain)

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11
Q

Long reflex

A

-Uses the CNS and autonomic nerves

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12
Q

Peritoneum

A

-Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

-On external surface of most digestive organs

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14
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

-Lines the body wall

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15
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A
  • Between the two peritoneums

- Fluid lubricates mobile organs

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16
Q

Mesentary

A

-Double layer of peritoneum

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17
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

-Lie posterior to the peritoneum

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18
Q

Intraperitonial

A

-Surrounded by the peritoneum

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19
Q

Splanchnic circulation

A

-Arteries that branch off the dorsal aorta and are part of the Hepatic Portal System

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20
Q

Mucus

A
  • Protects digestive organs from enzymes

- Eases food passage

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21
Q

Lamina propia

A
  • Loose areolar connective tissue
  • Capillaries for nourishment and absorption
  • Lymphoid follicles (part of MALT)
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22
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

-Smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa

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23
Q

Adventitia

A

-Replaces the serosa in the esophagus

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24
Q

Sphincter

A

-Cylindrical muscle that maintains constriction of a passage

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25
Enteric neurons
-Regulate digestive activity within the gut; it is local rather than systemic
26
Mouth
-Oral (buccal) cavity
27
Buccal cavity
-Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
28
Orbicularis oris
-Muscle of the lips
29
Buccinators muscle
-Muscle of the cheeks
30
Vestibule
-Recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums
31
Oral cavity proper
-Lies within the teeth and gums
32
Labial frenulum
-Median attachment of each lip to the gum
33
Hard palate
-Palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae
34
Soft palate
-Fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
35
Filiform papillae
-Whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction
36
Fungiform papillae
-Reddish, scattered over the tongue, house taste buds
37
Vallate papillae
-V-shaped row in back of tongue, house taste buds
38
Foliate papillae
-On the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue, house taste buds used in infancy and early childhood
39
Terminal sulcus
-Marks the division between the body and root
40
Body of the tongue
-Anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity
41
Root of the tongue
-Posterior third residing in the oropharynx
42
Extrinsic salivary glands
-Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
43
Intrinsic salivary glands
-Scattered in the oral mucosa
44
Saliva
- Cleanses the mouth - Moistens and dissolves food chemicals - Aids in bolus formation - Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch - Immune function
45
Deciduous teeth
-milk, 20
46
Permanent teeth
-32
47
Incisors
-Chisel shape for cutting
48
Canines
-Fanglike for tearing or piercing
49
Premolars
-Bicuspids
50
Molars
-For grinding and crushing
51
Enamel
- Hardest substance in the body | - External surface of the tooth
52
Dentin
-Beneath the enamel
53
Crown
-Visible portion of tooth
54
Gum
-Pink tissue that holds teeth
55
Dental caries
- Cavities | - Decay by bacterial action
56
Periodontal disease
- Plaque buildup causing infection in surrounding tissues | - Destroys periodontal ligament
57
Gingivitis
-Inflammation of the gums
58
Pharynx
- Oropharynx and laryngopharynx | - Allow passage of food, fluids, and air
59
Mastication
-Chewing, physical manipulation
60
Deglutition
-Swallowing
61
Chyme
-Creamy paste created by the physical breakdown of food
62
Mucous neck cells
-Acidic mucous
63
Parietal cells
-HCl and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption in SI)
64
Chief cells
-Pepsin (protein digestion)
65
Enteroendocrine cells
-Hormones to regulate digestion
66
Duodenum
- Initial part of the small intestine | - Curves around the head of the pancreas
67
Ileum
-Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
68
Jejunum
-Extends from duodenum to the ileum
69
Villi
-Folds that increase surface area
70
Microvilli
- Increase surface area | - Give the impression of a brush border
71
Lacteals
-Drain fatty lymph from digestive tract organs and convey it to blood
72
Mucosa structure
- Between villi: intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn) secrete intestinal juice - Paneth cells - Goblet cells
73
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
-Secrete intestinal juice
74
Paneth cells
-Secrete lysozyme
75
Goblet cells
-Secrete mucus
76
Peyer's patches
-Lymphoid follicles
77
Brunner's glands
-Alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize HCl in chyme
78
Bile salts
- Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid emulsify fats | - Recycled rather than secreted by the enterohepatic circulation
79
Bile
-Yellow-green alkaline solution that emulsifies fat
80
Pancreatic juice
- Water, enzymes, and electrolytes (primarily bicarbonate) | - Helps neutralize chyme
81
Pancreatic enzymes
- Amylase, lipase, nuclease | - May be active, but require ions or bile for optimal activity
82
Secretin
- Regulated by HCl in the lumen | - Target: duct cells to release pancreatic juice, which is bicarbonate rich
83
Cholecystokinin
- Regulated by presence of protein and fat | - Target: acini, to release enzyme rich pancreatic juice
84
Teniae coli
-Three bands of smooth muscle
85
Haustra
-Pocket-like sacs created by muscle bands
86
Epiploic appendages
-Fat filled pouches of the visceral peritoneum
87
Cecum
-First part of intestine
88
Appendix
-Masses of lymphoid tissue (part of MALT)
89
Colon
- Ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal | - Transverse colon and sigmoid colon are anchored via mesocolons
90
Rectum
-Three rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas
91
Anal canal
-The last segment of the large intestine
92
Internal anal sphincter
-Smooth muscle
93
External anal sphincter
-Skeletal muscle
94
Defecation
-Elimination of waste is initiated by the parasympathetic nervous system
95
Hydrolysis
-The enzymatic breakdown of food molecules, as there is the addition of water in breaking the molecular bonds
96
Vitamins
- fat soluble vitamins | - water soluble vitamins
97
Fat soluble vitamins
- A, D, E, K | - Incorporated into micelles and move by passive diffusion
98
Water soluble vitamins
- Enter by diffusion | - B12 bound to intrinsic factor which is taken up by endocytosis
99
Electrolyte
-Sodium pumped across, most others by simple diffusion

A&P II (8 decks)

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