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BIO 200 > Chapter 18 Part I: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Part I: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction to the Endocrine System

A

• Glands release hormones.
• Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.
• Hormones bind to receptors.
• Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.

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2
Q

Introduction to the Endocrine System (Cont’d)

A

• ENDOCRINE glands-
Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream.

• EXOCRINE glands-
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.

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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands (four glands)
• Adrenal glands (one pair)
• Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
• Pituitary gland
• Ovaries (one pair)
• Testes (one pair)
• Pineal gland
• Thymus gland

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4
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Body cells

A

Secretion:
- Prostagladins

Action:
- Aggregation of platelets
- Contract uterus
- Lower acid secretion in stomach
- Lower blood pressure

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5
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Gastrointestinal tract

A

Secretion:
- Cholecystokinin
- Gastrin
- Secretin

Action:
- Contracts gallbladder
- Stimulates gastric secretion
- Stimulates pancreatic enzymes

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6
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Kidney

A

Secretion:
- Erythropoietin

Action:
- Stimulates erythrocyte production

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7
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Pineal gland

A

Secretion:
- Melatonin

Action:
- Induces sleep and affects mood

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8
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Placenta

A

Secretion:
- Human chorionic gonadotropin

Action:
- Sustains pregnancy

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9
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Skin

A

Secretion:
- Vitamin D

Action:
- Affects absorption of calcium

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10
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Thymus

A

Secretion:
-Thymosin

Action:
- Affects immune response

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11
Q

Thyroid Gland Continents Top to Bottom:

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Thyroid gland
  • Isthmus
  • Trachea
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12
Q

Thyroid Function

A

• There are two hormones:
- Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.
• Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.

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13
Q

Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions

A
  • T3 (triiodothyronine): increases metabolism
  • T4 (thyroxine): increases metabolism
  • Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium
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14
Q

Parathyroid Gland Continents Top to Bottom:

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharynx
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
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15
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increase blood calcium.

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16
Q

Parathyroid Function

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream.

• Calcitonin vs PTH: range of blood calcium level tightly regulated!!

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17
Q

Calcium

A

• Calcitonin vs PTH: range of blood calcium level tightly regulated!!

• Calcium: hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.
- Stronger bones and teeth
- Muscle contraction
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Blood clotting
- Release of hormones

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18
Q

Adrenal Glands: Suprarenal Glands: Continents from Top to Bottom:

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Kidney
  • Ureter

(All connected to blood vessels)

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19
Q

Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure

A

Each gland has two parts:

  • An outer portion, the adrenal cortex.
    • Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol.
  • An inner portion, adrenal medulla.
    • Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids.
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20
Q

Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes

A

• Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences -SUGAR.
• Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes.
- Aldosterone: reabsorption of
sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences- SALT.
• Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences-SEX.

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21
Q

Function: Adrenal Medulla Secretes

A

• Two types of catecholamine hormones:

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage.
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline):
    constricts vessels to raise blood pressure.
  • Both are sympathomimetic agents.
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22
Q

The Adrenal Cortex (Corticosteroids) Secretions:

A
  • Glucocorticoid: Cortisol: Increases blood glucose.
  • Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone: Increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.
  • Sex hormones: Androgen and Estrogen: Sexual characteristics.
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23
Q

The Adrenal Medulla (Catecholamines) Secretions:

A
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Both are Sympathomimetic
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24
Q

Pancreas

A

• Located near and partially behind the stomach.
• Exocrine and endocrine organ.

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25
Pancreas Function
Endocrine function • Islets of Langerhans produce: - Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen. - Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells. (Glycogen= sugar store (glucose))
26
Pancreas Function (cont’d)
Pancreas (islet cells) produce insulin and glucagon. Insulin: lowers blood sugar (glucose to glycogen). (glycogenesis) Glucagon: raises blood sugar (glycogen to glucose). (glycogenolysis)
27
Pituitary Gland
• Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis. > Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis). > Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). • Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones).
28
Pituitary Gland (cont’d)
- Cerebrum - Pituitary gland (in sella turcica) - Adenohypophysis - Neurohypophysis - Hypothalamus - Pons
29
Relationship of the Hypothalamus to the Pituitary Gland:
- Hypothalamus: secretes releasing and inhibiting factors via capillaries to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) which secretes hormones. - Hypothalamus: secretes hormones directly to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) which stores and releases hormones.
30
Pituitary Function
• Anterior pituitary > Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH). > Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin). > Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). > Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH). > Prolactin (PRL).
31
Pituitary Function (cont’d)
• Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus. > Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin). > Oxytocin (OT).
32
Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions: Anterior Pituitary
- Adrenocorticotropin: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex. - Gonadotropin: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovaries and testes. - Gonadotropin: Luteinizing hormone (LH): Promotes ovulation; stimulates testes. - Somatotropin: Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth. - Thyrotropin: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid gland. - Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production.
33
Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions: Posterior Pituitary
- Vasopressin: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Increases water reabsorption. - Oxytocin: Stimulates labor.
34
Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions: Ovaries
- Estrogen: Estradiol: Female sexual characteristics. - Progesterone: Maintains pregnancy.
35
Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions: Testes
Androgen: Testosterone: Male sexual characteristics.
36
Male
Testes - Hormone testosterone: Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics.
37
Female
Ovaries - Hormones: estrogen and progesterone: maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy.
38
Adrenal cortex
Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
39
Adrenal medulla
Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
40
Ovaries
Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.
41
Pancreas
Located behind the stomach.
42
Parathyroid glands
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.
43
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica.
44
Testes
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.
45
Thyroid gland
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
46
adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
47
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex.
48
Aldosterone
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption.
49
Androgen
Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent).
50
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney.
51
Calcitonin
Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.
52
Cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar.
53
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
54
Estradiol
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.
55
Estrogen
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent).
56
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes.
57
Glucagons
Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar.
58
Growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.
59
Insulin
Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen.
60
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.
61
Norepinephrine
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
62
Oxytocin (OT)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth.
63
Parathormone (PTH)
Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
64
Progesterone
Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
65
Prolactin (PRL)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion.
66
Somatotropin (STH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
67
Testosterone
Male hormone secreted by the testes.
68
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function.
69
Thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism.
70
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism.
71
Vasopressin
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure.
72
Catecholamines
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
73
Corticosteroids
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
74
Electrolyte
Mineral salt found in blood and tissues.
75
Glucocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
76
Homeostasis
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.
77
Hormone
Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland.
78
Hypothalamus
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland.
79
Mineralocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body.
80
Receptor
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.
81
Sella turcica
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.
82
Sex hormones
Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
83
Steroid
Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made.
84
Sympathomimetic
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.
85
Target tissue
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
86
aden/o
Gland
87
adrenal/o
Adrenal glands
88
gonad/o
Sex glands (ovaries, testes)
89
pancreat/o
Pancreas
90
parathyroid/o
Parathyroid gland
91
pituitar/o
Pituitary gland; hypophysis
92
thyr/o
Thyroid gland
93
thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
94
andr/o
Male
95
calc/o, calici/o
Calcium
96
cortic/o
Cortex, outer region
97
crin/o
Secrete
98
dips/o
Thirst
99
estr/o
Female
100
gluc/o, glyc/o
Sugar
101
home/o
Sameness
102
hormon/o
Hormone
103
kal/l
Potassium (an electrolyte)
104
lact/o
Milk
105
myx/o
Mucus
106
natr/o
Sodium (an electrolyte)
107
phys/o
Growing
108
somat/o
Body
109
ster/o
Solid structure
110
toc/o
Childbirth
111
toxic/o
Position
112
ur/o
Urine
113
-agon
Assemble, gather together
114
-emia
Blood condition
115
-in, -ine
A substance
116
-tropin
Stimulating the function of
117
-uria
Urine condition
118
eu-
Good, normal
119
hyper-
Excessive, above
120
hypo-
Deficient, below
121
oxy-
Rapid, sharp, acid
122
pan-
All
123
poly-
Much or increased
124
tetra-
Four
125
tri-
Three

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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