chapter 19

Question 1

Cities in the early 19th century

Answer 1

Commercial and financial center
located along harbor + riverfront

travel was difficult and challenged the ingenuity of city builders

Question 2

Describe industrialization in 19th century cities

Answer 2

steam powder and industrialization brought manufacturing and cheap labor in the form of IMMIGRANTS

Question 3

Describe transportation in 19th-century cities

Answer 3

1887 - Frank Sprague created the electric trolley system which became the main source of transportation

Congestion led to the development of elevated and underground transportation (Manhattan’s subway)

Suburbs (For the wealthy) developed in response to the subway

= Henry Huntington (LA entrepreneur) fostered the ideal of affordable single-family homes in large cities for middle class

Question 4

Describe skyscrapers in the early 19th century cities

Answer 4

Created with steel girders and elevators in the 1880s

Downtown landlords would profit from these small lots of land by building upward
= The corporations would then use these buildings as a symbol of building prowess

Chicago initially created them, but NYC built more after the mid-1890s

Question 5

Describe electricity in the 19th century cities

Answer 5

1870s = electric streetlights replaced dim gaslights in streets + public spaces

Made nightlife more appealing

Question 6

Who contributed to expanding neighborhoods?

Answer 6

Young men and women from rural areas moved to cities looking for work.

Immigrants
= Boston > Irish
= Minneapolis > Swedes
= Northern cities > Germans

Question 7

Italian patterns of settlement

Answer 7

recruited by padroni (labor bosses) in the northeast or Mid-Atlantic

Had high urban concentration as more and more male immigrants arrived from southern Italy

Question 8

What began to spring up as immigration increased?

Answer 8

Sharply defined ethnic neighborhoods.

San Francisco Chinatown
Italian North Beach
Jewish Hayes Valley

due to discrimination and desire to stick together, and class divisions

Question 9

Describe the great African American Migration from the south?

Answer 9

From the rural south to southern and northern cities

Still, a large prevalence of discrimination and job opportunities were limited.

Race riots targeted black business districts

Question 10

How were tenements created?

Answer 10

Urban land values climbed, and speculators tore down older houses that had been vacated when middle-class families moved to the suburbs.
Instead, they built 5-6 story tenements that crammed twenty or more families.

Municipal governments did establish housing codes (indoor toilets + fire safeguards) but they did not apply to existing tenements.

Question 11

What happened in urban areas at the turn of the twentieth century?

Answer 11

New Mass-Bassed Entertainments among the working-class youth.

= Museums, Opera Houses, Magazines

Vaudevillle theater in the 1880s and 1890s.
Move theaters
Amusmenet Parks (coney island)

Question 12

Describe Music in the 1890s- 1900s.

Answer 12

Tin Pan Alley = NYC song-publishing district that published dozens of national hit tunes

African American Artists brought a syncopated beat that worked its way into mainstream hits. Black performers used RAGTIME (which became popular along class and race lines)

Scott Joplin introduced ragtime at the Chicago World Fair in 1893

Ragtime led to an urban dance craze (bunny hug and grizzly bear) among urban working classes and rural/middle-class youth.

1910s = Black music enters mainstream popular culture. Blues appeals to young urbanites.

Question 13

Describing Dating and Sex in the 1900s?

Answer 13

New custom of dating ==> became more acceptable to date outside parental supervision.

Lines between working-class “treats” and casual prostitution blurred.

Gay subcultures developed (NY)

Question 14

Describe high culture in the late 1800s?

Answer 14

The Rise of Great cities offered the opportunity to build museums, libraries, cultural institutions that floruished in major metropolitan centers.

Millionares patronized arts due to civic duty, national pride, social advances

Question 15

Describe Urban Journalism and the Yellow Kid

Answer 15

Publishers (Pulitzer and Hearst) established mass-arked newspapers by printing investigations of scandals and injustices.

Arrival of Sunday Color comics (RF Outcault’s The Yellow Kid”) named them yellow journalism (a derogatory term for comics0.

Question 16

Describe journalism and Muckrackers?

Answer 16

1900s = New Magazines introduced middle-class leaders to work of Ida Tarbell (exposed Rockefeller) and Graham Phillips (documented deference of Republican US Senators to wealthy corporate interests).

President Roosevelet believed that muckrackers focused too much on the negative. The muckrackers captured the interest of thousands and hoped to tackle problems caused by industrialization.

Question 17

What happened as industrial cities grew regarding Urban Machines?

Answer 17

US Cities relied on private developers who build streetcar lines, provided water, gas, electricity, etc… This was called the “private city”.

Question 18

What was the private city

Answer 18

a place shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses

Question 19

What did urban political machines serve as?

Answer 19

a social service agency for city dwellers that provided jobs.

George Washington Plunkitt was a ward boss that integrated private businesses and political services.

Question 20

What did political machines do in the city?

Answer 20

Same purpose (social service agency) except that it exacted a price in return for its favors: tenement dwellers gave vote and businesses gave money.

Question 21

Describe William Marcy Tweed.

Answer 21

Made Tammany hall ( a political machine) a byword for corruption.

Was arrested in 1871.

Plunkett disagreed with this and said he favored honest graft.

Question 22

Describe the achievements of machine-style governments?

Answer 22

1. provided immigrants with jobs, emergency aid, and public service
2. created sewage systems, bridges, parks, and sanitation projects.

Question 23

What was the limitation of machine governments?

Answer 23

could only help individuals on a local level in limited ways.

urban politicians preferred personal gain to public welfare

Question 24

Describe the results of the limiations of Machine Government

Answer 24

25% unemployment in working class in industrial cities in the 1890s

The crisis of the 190s radicalized urban voters who were proven to be disloyal to machine government.

Question 25

What did reformers do after the Crisis of 1890s?

Answer 25

1. promised reduction in crime, affordable housing, and funding for schools
2. Adopted a commission system after a hurricane in Galveston, Texas.
3. Adopted a referendum system (direct vote on specific policies) allowing voters to express opinion on key political questions.

Question 26

Progressivism

Answer 26

overlapping movements by working class radicals and middle-class reformers to combat ills of industrialization

roots in the city

Ex. Helen Campbell and Jacob Riis used flash photography to expose crime in tenements.

Question 27

What was the most urgent problem in cities and how was it combated?

Answer 27

Disease

Researchers in Europe began to understand the role of germs and bacteria.

American city leaders adopted clean water, sewage, and drainage projects

PUBLIC HEALTH MOVEMENT

Question 28

Describe the impact of pollution in cities?

Answer 28

Children payed on garbage, breathed toxic air, and consumed poisoned food and drinks.

Infafnt mortality rates rose.

Urban reformers demanded safe water and better garbage collection. Hygiene reformers taught hand-washing techniques to stop spread of tuberculosis.

City Beautiful movement and smoke-abatement laws

Question 29

Describe prostitution?

Answer 29

Reformers launched a nationwide campaign, warning against “white slavery”. They believed white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution.

It was actually due to low-wage jobs, economic desperation, and sexual/domestic abuse.

Brothels began to close and police shut down red-light districts. The MANN act was passed to prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines.

This worsened conditions under which prostitutes worked.

Question 30

Describe social settlements?

Answer 30

The first one was Hull House at Chicago’s West Side in 1889 (Jane Addam and Ellen Gates Starr).
= the idea was borrowed from American urban missions and Toynbee Hall in London.
= Was a link between middle and working classes
= Offered bathhouse, playground, kindergarten, day care, etc…

In the early twentieth century, there were social settlements all over the United States.
= Attached to African American colleges
= Founded by Women’s College Graduates

Question 31

What did Jane Addams believe?

Answer 31

Immigrants already knew what they needed.
Immigrants lacked the resources to fulfill those needs.
Immigrants lacked a strong political voice.

Question 32

What did settlement work serve as a springboard for?

Answer 32

school reform
workplace safety laws
lead poisoning
juvenile delinquency

important for emerging professional of social work.

Question 33

Who was Margaret Sanger

Answer 33

a nurse who volunteered at a Lower East Side settlement.

Was horrified by women’s suffering by constant pregnancies, and launched a national birth control movement.

Question 34

Social Workers

Answer 34

transformed provision of public welfare

rejected private Christian Charity dispensed by mdidle-class people.

Used social science to gather facts and advocate change

Question 35

Describe Journalist Upton Sinclair?

Answer 35

published THE JUNGLE.
= expose of labor exploitation in Chicago meat-packing plants
= Congress passed Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and created Food and Drug Administration.

Question 36

National Consumers League

Answer 36

encouraged shoppers to patronize only stores where wages and working conditions were fair.

Advocated for worker protection laws

Question 37

Women’s Trade Union League

Answer 37

Women’s right labor organization

Question 38

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Answer 38

1911
led to the death of 146 garment workers (young immigrant women)

This resulted in NY developing a labor code establishing fire, safety, wage, and working hour regulations

Showed that political machines were not useful, and state and national laws were needed.