chapter 19 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Cities in the early 19th century
Commercial and financial center
located along harbor + riverfront
travel was difficult and challenged the ingenuity of city builders
Describe industrialization in 19th century cities
steam powder and industrialization brought manufacturing and cheap labor in the form of IMMIGRANTS
Describe transportation in 19th-century cities
1887 - Frank Sprague created the electric trolley system which became the main source of transportation
Congestion led to the development of elevated and underground transportation (Manhattan’s subway)
Suburbs (For the wealthy) developed in response to the subway
= Henry Huntington (LA entrepreneur) fostered the ideal of affordable single-family homes in large cities for middle class
Describe skyscrapers in the early 19th century cities
Created with steel girders and elevators in the 1880s
Downtown landlords would profit from these small lots of land by building upward
= The corporations would then use these buildings as a symbol of building prowess
Chicago initially created them, but NYC built more after the mid-1890s
Describe electricity in the 19th century cities
1870s = electric streetlights replaced dim gaslights in streets + public spaces
Made nightlife more appealing
Who contributed to expanding neighborhoods?
Young men and women from rural areas moved to cities looking for work.
Immigrants
= Boston > Irish
= Minneapolis > Swedes
= Northern cities > Germans
Italian patterns of settlement
recruited by padroni (labor bosses) in the northeast or Mid-Atlantic
Had high urban concentration as more and more male immigrants arrived from southern Italy
What began to spring up as immigration increased?
Sharply defined ethnic neighborhoods.
San Francisco Chinatown
Italian North Beach
Jewish Hayes Valley
due to discrimination and desire to stick together, and class divisions
Describe the great African American Migration from the south?
From the rural south to southern and northern cities
Still, a large prevalence of discrimination and job opportunities were limited.
Race riots targeted black business districts
How were tenements created?
Urban land values climbed, and speculators tore down older houses that had been vacated when middle-class families moved to the suburbs. Instead, they built 5-6 story tenements that crammed twenty or more families.
Municipal governments did establish housing codes (indoor toilets + fire safeguards) but they did not apply to existing tenements.
What happened in urban areas at the turn of the twentieth century?
New Mass-Bassed Entertainments among the working-class youth.
= Museums, Opera Houses, Magazines
Vaudevillle theater in the 1880s and 1890s.
Move theaters
Amusmenet Parks (coney island)
Describe Music in the 1890s- 1900s.
Tin Pan Alley = NYC song-publishing district that published dozens of national hit tunes
African American Artists brought a syncopated beat that worked its way into mainstream hits. Black performers used RAGTIME (which became popular along class and race lines)
Scott Joplin introduced ragtime at the Chicago World Fair in 1893
Ragtime led to an urban dance craze (bunny hug and grizzly bear) among urban working classes and rural/middle-class youth.
1910s = Black music enters mainstream popular culture. Blues appeals to young urbanites.
Describing Dating and Sex in the 1900s?
New custom of dating ==> became more acceptable to date outside parental supervision.
Lines between working-class “treats” and casual prostitution blurred.
Gay subcultures developed (NY)
Describe high culture in the late 1800s?
The Rise of Great cities offered the opportunity to build museums, libraries, cultural institutions that floruished in major metropolitan centers.
Millionares patronized arts due to civic duty, national pride, social advances
Describe Urban Journalism and the Yellow Kid
Publishers (Pulitzer and Hearst) established mass-arked newspapers by printing investigations of scandals and injustices.
Arrival of Sunday Color comics (RF Outcault’s The Yellow Kid”) named them yellow journalism (a derogatory term for comics0.
Describe journalism and Muckrackers?
1900s = New Magazines introduced middle-class leaders to work of Ida Tarbell (exposed Rockefeller) and Graham Phillips (documented deference of Republican US Senators to wealthy corporate interests).
President Roosevelet believed that muckrackers focused too much on the negative. The muckrackers captured the interest of thousands and hoped to tackle problems caused by industrialization.
What happened as industrial cities grew regarding Urban Machines?
US Cities relied on private developers who build streetcar lines, provided water, gas, electricity, etc… This was called the “private city”.
What was the private city
a place shaped by individuals and profit-seeking businesses
What did urban political machines serve as?
a social service agency for city dwellers that provided jobs.
George Washington Plunkitt was a ward boss that integrated private businesses and political services.
What did political machines do in the city?
Same purpose (social service agency) except that it exacted a price in return for its favors: tenement dwellers gave vote and businesses gave money.
Describe William Marcy Tweed.
Made Tammany hall ( a political machine) a byword for corruption.
Was arrested in 1871.
Plunkett disagreed with this and said he favored honest graft.
Describe the achievements of machine-style governments?
- provided immigrants with jobs, emergency aid, and public service
- created sewage systems, bridges, parks, and sanitation projects.
What was the limitation of machine governments?
could only help individuals on a local level in limited ways.
urban politicians preferred personal gain to public welfare
Describe the results of the limiations of Machine Government
25% unemployment in working class in industrial cities in the 1890s
The crisis of the 190s radicalized urban voters who were proven to be disloyal to machine government.
