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chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What happened by 1918

A

European nation’s grip on colonial empires was weakening

US ceased acquiring overseas territories

US-developed informal empire based on business interests rather than administrative control

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2
Q

What did President Woodrow Wilson believe at the end of 1918

A

US should steer middle course between revolutionary socialism AND European style imperiialism

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3
Q

imperialism

A

exercise of military political and economic power oersees

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4
Q

Describe the historian’s perspective of U.S imperialism?

A

Realize that there are continuities between the foreign policy in 1918 and the nation’s expansion across the continent earlier (wars against native people)

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5
Q

Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918

A

In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)

1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.

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5
Q

Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918

A

In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)

1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.

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5
Q

Describe the connection between the 1890s and 1918

A

In the 1890s = policymakers were on a quest for global markets. (industrialization modern navy, economic crisis of 1890s, etc..)

1918 = there is high unemployment and mass protests which led policymakers to fear that American workers would embrace socialism or communism.
The alternative to this was creating jobs and prosperity at home instead.

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6
Q

Josiah Strong

A

Congregationalist who urged proselytize overseas as he believed in Anglo-Saxan supremacy.

This was grounded in American exceptionalism.

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7
Q

American exceptionalism.

A

idea that the united states had an unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization.

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8
Q

Describe European influence in the US

A

Fear of ruthless competition drove the US to invest latest weapons.

Saw that European powers were dividing up Africa and Asia among themselves as well as building steel-plated Battleships

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9
Q

Alfred T. Mahan

A

naval officer
wrote Influence of Sea Power upon History

observed that naval power is essential to growth of past empires

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10
Q

What did Mahan’s acions lead to

A

congress appropriated funds for 3 battleships

president grover Cleveland continued this naval program

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11
Q

Describe the start of the War of 1898

A

February 1985: Cubans mount major guerrilla war against Spain.

Spain respodns by rounding up civilians into concentration camps

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12
Q

Describe the US response to the concentration camps in Cuba

A
  1. William Randolph Hearst turned plight into cause celebre, feeding surge of nationalism among those who believed males were getting weaker during industrial society
  2. President Cleveland did not want to support the revolution but recognized that the war disrupted trade and damaged American-owned sugar plantations on the island.
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13
Q

What did McKinley do in response to the War of 1898.

A

In 1897, a US miniter informed Spain that it must make peace or US would step in

  1. This initially worked as the conservative regime fell and was replaced with liberal government who offered Cuba limited self-rule
  2. Spanish loyalists in Havana rioated against this proposal
  3. Cuban rebels held out for full independence.
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14
Q

Februaryt 9 1898

A

Hearst published letter by Dupuy de Lome belittling McKinley administration –» increasing indignation against Spain.

Maine (us battle cruiser) sunk and exploded in Havana Harbor

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15
Q

Describe the response to the Maine sinking.

A

Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis

  1. McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
    = immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba.
  2. Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
  3. McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
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15
Q

Describe the response to the Maine sinking.

A

Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis

  1. McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
    = immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba.
  2. Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
  3. McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
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15
Q

Describe the response to the Maine sinking.

A

Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis

  1. McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
    = immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba.
  2. Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
  3. McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
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15
Q

Describe the response to the Maine sinking.

A

Business leaders found war preferable to unending Cuban Crisis

  1. McKinley issued ultimatum to Madrid
    = immediate armistice for 6 months and with US as mediator, peace negotiations with Cuba.
  2. Spain denied as they did not want to grant Cuba full independence.
  3. McKinley asks congress to intervene in Cuba on April 111th
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16
Q

Describe Roosevelt in the War of 1898

A

Commodore George Dewey was the compander of the Pacific Fleet and had instructions to sail to the Spanish-owned Philippines.

  1. When war was declared, Roosevelt confronted his superior and pressured him into validating Dewey’s instructions
  2. May 1 1898 = American ships cornered Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it and the capital.
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17
Q

Describe the annexation of Hawaii

A
  1. Hawaii had been under American dominance as its climate attracted American sugercrane planters.
  2. the 1876 treaty between both nations gave Hawaii access to American market and America sugercane. Hawaii also gave U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor.
  3. When the new tarrif in 1890 cancelled Hawaii’s access to the US market, sugar planters revolted against Hawaii and issued teraty of annexation
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18
Q

Why did Grover cleveland reject treaty of annexation

A

Believed it violated America’s unbroken tradition against acquiring territory overseas.
Congress authorized annexation of Hawaii in July 1898.

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19
Q

July 3 1898

A

Spanish fleet in Santiago harbor tried a desperare run through American blockade and was destroyed

days later Spanish destroyed

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20
Describe what the US wished to do with the Philippines
1. initially waned only Manilla 2. Mckinley believed that he found justification for annexing the whole Philippines (You cannot leave the filipinos to govern, they are unfit for self rule) 3. Jane Addams, Mark Twain, etc.. enlisted in antiimperialist cause. 4. andrew carnegie and samuel gompers did not want this 5. some argued that filipinos were capable of self rule, whereas others argued and warned about the dangers of annexing 8 million of an inferior rase
21
How did Spain give United States the Philippines
Treaty of Paris 20 millioin for Philippines
22
Describe the fight betewen American and Filipino patrols on February 4 1899
Emilo Aguinaldo turned his guns on the occupying American Forces 1. US would burn crops and round up civilians 2. 3 years of warfare in which 200,000 Filipinos died
23
Describe the treaty after the Philipine and American "war"
Guaranteed freedom of religion to inhabitants of ceded Spanish territories, but withheld promise of citizenship. This was decided by congress Supreme Court upheld this decision in the Insular Cases
24
Insular Cases
Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories Puerto Rico and Guam, and Philippines are colonies not states
25
Jones Act of 1916
Commited US to Philippine independence, but with no set date
26
Describe the Open Door
American policymakers were interested in East Asia. Following Japan's victory in Sino-Japanese Warr, coastal China was divided into spheres of influence for Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Britian To avoid being left out, Sec. of State John Hay claimed right of equal trade access or open door for all nations wanting to do business in China
27
Boxers
secret society of Chinese nationalists who rebelled against foreign occupation
28
Describe the emergence of Japan as the dominant power.
1. Rooselevent respected them and saw their rising military might. Signed root-Takahira Agreement
29
Root Takahira Agreement
Confirmed principles of free oceanic commerce recognized japan's authority over manchuria
30
Describe Taft and Asia
pressed for larger role of American investors in Chinese Railroad Construction. Hoped that infusions of American Capital would offset Japanese Power Chinese Revolutoin of 1911 - Toppled Manchu dynstaty Taft suported the nationalists who wanted liberation from Japanese Dominant US entered long-term rivalry with Japan for power in pacific
31
Hay Paunecfore Treaty 1901
Britain recognized US sole right to build and fortify a Central American Canal
31
Hay Paunecfore Treaty 1901
Britain recognized US sole right to build and fortify a Central American Canal
32
Speak softly and carry a big stick
big stick = naval power and rapid access to two oceans required a canal
33
Describe the purchase of Panama
Roselevet persuaded Congress to authorize 10 million to purchase a Columbian province. 1. Columbia rejected this and Roosevelt wanted to seize the entirety of Panama instead 2. US lent Panama help in an independence movement 3. the US recognized the new state of Panama
33
Describe the purchase of Panama
Roselevet persuaded Congress to authorize 10 million to purchase a Columbian province. 1. Columbia rejected this and Roosevelt wanted to seize the entirety of Panama instead 2. US lent Panama help in an independence movement 3. the US recognized the new state of Panama
34
Platt Amendement
blocked cuba from making a treaty with any country except the US gave right to US to intervene in Cuban Affairs if fit Cuba granted US a lease on Guantanamo, where navy built large base
35
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt announced that US would police all parts of the Caribbean. Instead of guaranteeing that US would protect LA American neighbors from European hours, it asserted the US unrestricted right to regulate Caribbean affairs. only sanctioneod by America's military and economic might.
36
Describe the emerging Mexican Revolution
1. Mexican Dictator Porfirio Diaz had created a friendly climate for American investors but feared power for them and reclaimed resources. 2. The investors began to back Francisco Madero instead 3. Madero forced Diaz to resign but was murdered by Victoriano Huerta 4. Wilson Adm. feared that the revolution threatened US interests. US threw forces into the revolution against the wishes of Carranza (whom the US liked) 5. Wilson ordered occupation of veracruz. 6. Huerta's regime crumbled and Carranza triumphed. but did not trust the US anymore
37
What happened after Carranza won the mexican revolution
1. general pancho villa stirred up trouble on the border | 2. wilson sent troops to villa and an occupation broke out. both governments backed off at the brink of war.
38
Describe the beginning of WW1
Germany had humiliated France in the Franco-Prussian War. Ottoman empire was disintegrating and losing grip on the balkans. Both of these conflicts resulted in t he two rival power blocks: triple alliance (Germany, austria-hu ngary, Italy) and triple entente (britian, France, and russia)
39
What sparked ww1
1. balkans (austria hungary and russia completed) 2. Bosnian Slav Gavrilo Principl assassinated archduke Franz Ferdinand 3. this pushed all European alliances into war Austria Hungary blamed Serbia and declared War. Russia had a secret treaty with Serbia and declared war against Austria Hungary. This prompted Germany to declare war on Rssia and France. Germany invaded Belgium before France, causing GB to declare war on Germany
40
What did the power blocs turn into
Alllies (great britian, france, russia) vs central powers (Germany and austria-hungary)
41
What were the war zones
Germany battled Britian and France on WESTERN FRONT Germany fought russia on EASTERN FRONT
42
What happened as the war progressed in the world
Italy and Japan joined Allied for colonies | Bulgaria joined Central Powers
43
Describe the type of war ww1 was
war of attrition in heavily fortified trenches that cut across Belgium and NE france. Attacks across no mans land germany attacked and introduced poison gas
44
Describe those chosen for war?
Military draft in May 1917 President Wilson chose General Perishing to head the AEF (American expeditionary force)
45
What was the first thing the US did during the war
German U-Boats were sinking 900,000 tons of Allied ships ech month. US Navy cut that down to 400,000 tons in one year. Allied leaders called for US troops and Pershing finally committed some men to help the French. against Germany. This was good and the German were forced to retreat. Pershing pitted over 1,000,000 American soldiers against German army in Argonne forest.
46
November 11 1918
German government signed an Armistice
47
Describe the diversity of the soliders
1/5 born outside of the US 49 different languages 400,000 African American men (13% of army) - there was racial discrimination
48
Why did Wilson want to remain neutral
wanted to influence postwar settlement similar to roosevelt and the russo japanese war
49
Senator Robert LA Follette
progressive minded republican believed war is a conflict among greedy capitalist and imperialist nations
50
September 1914
British impose naval blockade on central powers to cut off vital supplies of food and military equipment. Wilson administration believes this protests infringement of rights of neutral carriers
51
What happened after Germany's intro of the UBoat
Uboat torpedoed the British liner the Lusitania which killed 128 Americans. This prompted Wilson to reconsider his options . After Germany began unrestricted use of submarine warfare, Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with germany
52
Arthur zimmerman
german foreign secretary who promised that if the US entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover loss of texas, new Mexico, and Arizona
53
Describe the US declaring war
April 2 --> Congress for declaration of war | April 6 --> declare war on Germany
53
Describe the US declaring war
April 2 --> Congress for declaration of war | April 6 --> declare war on Germany
54
How did the US earn money from WW!
us was creditor nation | provided capital for investments around the globe
55
WIB
war industries board direct military production allocate scare resources among industries, order factories to convert to war production
56
CPI
committee on public information government propaganda agency headed by journalist George Creel and founded by President Wilson
57
Espionage Act of 1917
impose stiff penalties for antiwar activity
58
sedition act of 1918
prohibit words or behaivor that encourge resistance to US and promote cause of enemies
59
Schenck v. US
upheld convinctio nof socialist who was jailed for circulation pamphlets that urged army draftees to resist induction similar in Abramsv. US
60
Describe African American + immigrants after the war
war created more opportunity and drew African Americans and immigrants to the city > 400,000 AA move to large cities in the Great Migration Mexicans from displacement from Mexican Revolution arrived Women were gaven wartime employment opportunities (largest group)
61
NAWSA
national american women suffrage association threw support behind wilson helped aid with red cross
62
NWP (national woman's party)
picketed white house went to jail pressured wilson and draw attention the cause MORE DIRECT
63
What did Wilson do for suffrage
impressed by NAWSA and scared by NWP, he reversed his position and urged support for woman suffrage as a war measure the constitutional amendment quickly passed the house, took 18 months in the senate, and a year for ratification by states
64
What did Wilson propose in 1917
peace without victory | 14 points as a basis for negotations
65
What did Wilsons points do
call for open diplomacy - freedom of navigation upon the seas, removal of trade barriers, self determination in austro-hungarian, Russian, and german empires
66
League of Nations
would guarantee independence and territorial integrity to states mediate disputes, supervise arms reduction, and collective military nations the three leaders (David Lloyd George of GB, Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy) wanted to punish Germany for world war 1 1. made Germany pay 33 billion in reparations and give up territory, ships, etc... 2. this led to resentment & economic hardship in Germany leading to ww2
67
What did the Allies do to do the central powers empires
dismantle them and assign colonies to themselves to administer as mandates
68
Irreconcilables
western republicans who opposed US involvement in European affair
69
Senetar Henry Cabot Lodge of MAss.
Worried that Article X (the provision for collective security) would prevent US from pursuing independent foreign policy
70
describe the treaty of versailles and congress
treaty never won the majority the league of nations failed to do what wilson hoped, and the US never joined

APUSH (12 decks)

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