chapter 22 Flashcards
Great Migration
drew hundreds of thousands from the south to northern industrial cities
secured good wartime jobs
could vote
economic clout = build community institutions
What did black developments spark?
white violence
lynchings rose drastically
Rosewood, Florida
after a brutal lynching in Rosewood Florida, black residents armed for self defense; mobs of furious whites torched houses and hunted down Blacks
Police and state authorities REFUSED to intervene and Rosewood vanished
Racial attacks in the north and midwest
the great migration deepened existing racial tensions
blacks competed with whites (specifically immigrants) for housing and jobs; unionized white workers resented blacks who served as tritebreakers
attacks broke out in more than 25 cities
St. Lous illinois
1917
9 whites and more than 40 blacks died
5 days of rioting, which increased the death toll from racial violence to 120
Tulsa Oklahoma
June 1921`
false reports of an alleged rape incited white mobs
white mobs and the National Guardsmen attacked Tulsa’s greenwood district, known as the “black wall street”
What is the connection between the war and labor?
The War Effort (overseen by a Democratic administration sympathetic to labor) temporarily increased the size and power of labor unions
The National War Labor Board had instituted measures including the right to organize
Membership in the AFL grew by a 3rd during ww1
What happened to labor workers AFTER the war?
employers cut wages and rooted out unions
1 in 5 workers went on strike
- seattle shipyard worker strike
- United States Steel Corporation (Elbert H. Gary) refused to negotiate and opted to hire Mexican and African American workers instead
nonunionized jobs were created
Police Strike/Public Employees
in 1919, the Boston Police Force went on strike as they wanted a union
Mass.Governor Calvin Coolide fired the entire police force and the strike failed
Republiacans supported Coolidge and nominated him for vice-presidency in 1920`
Coronado Coal Company v. United Mine Workers (1925)
striking union could be penalized for illegal restraint of trade
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
- voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia; thus reversing gains from Muller v. Oregon
What did antilabor supreme court decisions cause?
Membership in labor unions fell by 2 million
this was just 10% of the nonagricultural workforce
Welfare Capitalism
a system of labor relations that stressed management’s responsibility for employee’s well being.
Henry Ford
paid $5 per day, even before the Great War
offered a profit-sharing plan to employees who met standards of its social Department
ensured that worker’s private lives met moral standards
Companies that were pro-labor
General Electric &U.S Steel provided health insurance and old-age pensions
Chicago’s Western Electric Company built athletic facilities and offered vacations
however, this was only 5% of the workforce
and ford eventually cut back on the $5 a day due to financial pressure
Who did well-off American side with postwar?
Management
- blamed workers for rising cost of living
- socialist & views of immigrant workers frightened them
Third International
1919: Soviet Union’s new Bolshevik leaders founded the Third Interntional to foster revolutions abroad
Americans began to fear that dangerous radicals were hiding everywhere, although only 70,000 of 50 million American adults were communist.
April 1919: Bombs
Postal Workers discovered and defused 34 mail bombs addressed to government officials.
A bomb denoated outside the house of attorney general A. Mitchell Palmar
Palmer precipitated the Red Scare
Palmar & the Red Scare
palmer precipitating the RED SCARE
he set up an antiradicalism division in the Justice Department, run by J.Edgar However (became the FBI)
stormed headquarters of radical organizations to capture “aliens” who committed no crimes, but held anarchist/revolutionary beliefs
Plamer Raids
peaked in January 1920, arrested 6000 citizens and aliens, and denied them access to legal counsel
predicted that on May 1st, a radical conspiracy would overthrow the U.S government (this never happened and the red scare began to abate)
Scco and Vanzetti
Italian men who were a shoemaker and fish peddlers.
Self-proclaimed anarchists
Arrested and killed for the murder of two men during a robbery of a shoe company.
they were denied the motion for a trial and were sentenced to death
Women’s organization created to tackle poverty
Women’s Joint Congressional Committee
- a washington-based advocacy group
- Sheppard Towner Federal Maternity and Infncy Act (1921)
Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act (1921)
provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, visiting nurses
improved healthcare for the poor
lowered infantry morality rates
resulted in congress designing federal funds for the states to administer social welfare program
Alice Paul and the ERA
Alice Paul persuaded congressional allies to consider an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S Constitution
However, some recognized that this would threaten recent labor laws that protected women from workplace abuse
the ERA was debated for 5 decades until the ratification struggle of the 1970s
Women Peace Advocates Convention
convened in Zurich and called on nations o end hunger and promote human welfare
created the WILPF
WILPF
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
- leading member was Jane Adamms
denounced imperialism, stressed suffering caused by militarism, promoted social justice
Carrie Chapman Catt
president of the NAWSA
created the League of Women Voters
who began republican dominance
Warren G. Harding at the 1920 election
- created an era that lasted until 1932
Herbert Hoover
Secretary of Commerce
head of the wartime Food Administration
made the Commerce Department create 2000 trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry
Associated States
a system of voluntary business cooperation with the government.
created by Herbert Hoover to achieve what progressives had sought through governmental regulation
- gave corporate leaders more power
Teapot Dome
scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
corruption during Harding’s presidency
Calvin Coolidge - president
Began president upon Harding’s death.
stopped cronyism
limited government + tax cuts for business
Who did Coolidge defeat for presidency?
Democrat John W. Davis (the democrats were deeply divided over prohibition and immigration )
Senator Robert M. La Follette (tried to resuscitate the Progressive Party which called for strong government regulation and reduction of weapons and prevention of war)
How did Republicans drop progressive initiative of prewar years?
- Federal trade commission failed to enforce antitrust laws
- supreme court refused to break up the U.S steel Corporation, despite its near-monopoly status
- the McNary-Haugen bills proposed system of federal price supports for major croups, but was opposed by Coolidge as it was a “special interest legislation)
Political Campaign in the 1920s
while the U.S refused to join the league of nations, it was still involved inforeign affairs
they believed that by encouraging private banks to make foreign loans, U.S business interests would be advanced.
Bolivia Loan
State Department officials pressured Bolivia into accepting a loan.
- also forced Bolivia to agree to financial oversight
done with El Salvador as well.
sometimes the US would intervene militarily for repayment of debt: Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti
What did Americans come to think of occupied countries?
As US posessions (such as Puerto Rico and the Philipinenes)
- Called Haiti the “Amerian Africa”
- White Americans became fascinated by voodoo and saw Haitians as “minors or childlike people”
Dollar Diplomacy
policy emphasizing connection between American’s economic and political interests overseas
Businesses would gain from diplomatic efforts in its behalf, while American economic presence overseas was strengthened
What did people on the mainland think of US Occupation of Haiti and DR
- U.S is destroying the soverighnty of other people (Samuel Gay Inman)
- the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom & The International Council of Women of the Darker Races exposed sexual exploitation of Haitian women
Dollar Diplomacy in the late 1920s
Was usually effective in getting loans repaid
however, it ended up in the pockets of local elites and military intervention would not work
1929
93 U.S cities had populations greater than 100,000
Protestant Views
rural and native-born protesetants started the decade with the achievement of a longtime goal: national prohibition of liquor
Connect Prohibition and WW1
Wartime anti-German prejudice was a major spur
Breweries were owned by German Americans, thus prompting citizens to believe that it was unpatriotic to drink beer.
Congress limited brewers’ and distillers’ use of barley and grains , causing consumption to decline
