chapter 21

Question 1

Describe politics in the 1890s-1900s.

Answer 1

Feared embrace of socialism or marxism

favored imperialism

Question 2

American exceptionalism

Answer 2

idea that the United States had a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization

Question 3

What did Josiah Strong predict about the U.S

Answer 3

The anglo-Saxon race represented the largest liberty, purest Christianity, highest civilization and would spread itself over Earth.

Question 4

Describe the correlation between Strong and imperialism

Answer 4

Imperialists would draw on popular racial theories (those of Anglo-Saxon descent are superior to others). Would deny American Indians, Asian immigrants, and Southern Blacks the right to vote.

Question 5

What did Imperialists justify their views with

Answer 5

1. new outlets were needed for American energy and enterprise as free land on the western frontier was dwindling.
2. with racialized Social Darwinism (competition of races)

Question 6

Describe Grover Cleveland’s secretary of state

Answer 6

Richard Olney

1. warned europe to stay away from Latin America (which he saw as the US’ rightful sphere of influence)
2. demanded that Britian resolve the long-standing border dispute between Venezuela and Britian’s neighboring colony, British Guiana
3. Invoked Monroe Docrine

Question 7

What did American policymakers do in response to European powers?

Answer 7

European powers were embarking on an arms race to build steel-plated battleships, so US also invested in latest weapons

Question 8

What happened in 1895 in Cuba

Answer 8

1. Cuba mounted major guerilla War against Spain (which lost most of NW territory)
2. Caused yellow journalists (William Randolph Hearst) to turn plight into cause celebre
   - led to surge of nationalism among those who feared industrialization
3. congress called for Cuban Independence

Question 9

Why did President Cleveland and McKinley interfere with the Cuban Rebellion

Answer 9

1. spain would not end it
2. war disrupted trade and damaged American owned plantations on Cuba
3. unstable Cuba is not compatible with US interests

Mckinley took office and told spain that they must establish peace, or the US would interfere

Question 10

What was the resposne to Cleveland and Mckinley’s actions

Answer 10

Spain’s conservative gov. was replaced by the liberal government

Spanish loyalists in Havana rioated against proposal

Cuban rebels waned full independence not limited self rule

Question 11

What did Hearst do in 1898

Answer 11

New York Journal published private letter in which Spanis Minister to US belittled McKinley

The minister resigned but this strengthened American hatred of Spain

3. After that, the US battle cruiser Maine exploded and sunk in Havana Harbor.
   Remember the Maine became national chant

Question 12

What was Remember the Maine

Answer 12

a national chant

naval board believed that the maine exploded due to underwater mine, fueling public outrage (even though it was actually faulty ship design)

Question 13

What did McKinley due on March 27 and April 11

Answer 13

March 27=
administer ultimatum to Madrid: ceasefire with Cuba and provide peace and independence.

April 11=
Asked Congress for authority to intervene in Cuba

Question 14

What was the fight after April 11th known as?

Answer 14

Spanish-American War or War of 1898

Question 15

Teller Amendment

Answer 15

reassured Americans that their country would uphold democracy abroad and at home

Question 16

April 24 1898

Answer 16

Spain declared war on the United States

Question 17

Describe the first decisive military engagement

Answer 17

occur in the Pacific due to Theodore Roosevelt

When American ships under George Dewey cornered Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and destroyed it

Question 18

What did Dewey’s victory do?

Answer 18

direct policymaker’s attention to Hawaii

1876 treaty between US and Hawaii gave Hawaii access to American market.
When renewed in 1887, treaty granted a long-coveted lease for US naval base at Pearl Harbor

4 years later, Qyeen Liliuokalkani did not like this.

Annexation Club of US ovethrew Queen for annexation

grover Cleveland unlike this as it violated unbroken tradition against acquiring territory overseas

Question 19

What did the victory in Manila do?

Answer 19

turn Hawaii into refueling station

congress authorized annexation of Hawaii

guam and puerto rico were annexed

Question 20

July 3

Answer 20

spanish fleet in santiago harbor tried a desperate run through American blockade and was destroyed

days later, Spanish surrendered

Question 21

Describe the Us and Spain armistice

Answer 21

Spain agrees to liberate Cuba and give Puerto Rico and Guam to US

future of Philippines is unclear
US only wanted to keep Manila because of fine harbor, but not sure now

Question 22

How did McKinley justify annexation of Philippines

Answer 22

filipinos are unfit for self rule

Question 23

Who enlisted in anti imperialist cause

Answer 23

jane addams

mark twain

Question 24

anti imperialists

Answer 24

labor leaders warned union members about threat of competition from cheap filipino labor

some argued that filipinos and hawains were capable of self rule

some were worried about annexing dangerous 8 million fiiipinos

Question 25

treaty of paris

Answer 25

spain ceded the philippines to US for 20 million

Question 26

February 4 1899

Answer 26

2 days before Senate ratified treaty of Paris, a fight between American and Filipino broke out in Manila

Rebel Leader Emilio Aguinaldo asserted independence and turned guns on the Americans

Question 27

Describe US Philippine conflict

Answer 27

US would burn crops and villages and round up civilizations

4200 Americans and 200,000 filipinos dead in 3 years

Question 28

Describe treaty between Philippines and US

Answer 28

guaranted freedom of religion to inhabitants of ceded Spanish territory

no promise of citizenship

Question 29

insular cases

Answer 29

set of decisions

consititution does not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories

Question 30

Platt Amendment

Answer 30

limited Cuban independence by blocking Cuba from making treaty with any country but US

gave US right to intervene in cuban affairs

US got Guantanamo bay

Question 31

Jones Act of 1916

Answer 31

0committed US to Philippine independence, but set no date

Question 32

What did Theodore Roosevelet believe

Answer 32

imperialism augmented domestic progressivism

assertive federal gov. abroad and at home enhances economic stability and political order

Question 33

Describe American policymakers and Asia

Answer 33

Were interested in East Asian markets but competed with Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and Britian for China

John Hay sent all of those powers a note claiming the right of equal trade access for open door for nations seeking business in China

Question 34

Boxers

Answer 34

secret society who rebelled against foreign occupation

Question 35

What happened after the Boxer’s emerged

Answer 35

Japan emerged as East Asia’s dominant power, so roosevelt mediated a settlement in 1905

Question 36

Root- Takahira Agreement

Answer 36

confirmed principles of free oceanic commerce and recognized Japan’s authority over Manchuria

Question 37

Describe Taft and Asia

Answer 37

1. entered white house believing that US had been shortchanged in Asia. wanted to promote US business interest abroad and offset japanese power
2. supported Chinese revolution of 1911 (who toppled manchu dynasty).
   = they wanted to modernize country
   = they wanted to liberate from Japanese domination

US entagled self with china and entered rivalry with Japan for Pacific

Question 38

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick

Answer 38

naval power and rapid access to two oceans through a canal

Question 39

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Answer 39

Britian recognized US right to build and fortify Central American canal