Flashcards in Chapter 19 Deck (27)
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1
Folliculitis (1)
-Signs & Symptoms:
Infection of the hair follicle -pimple; when it occurs at the eyelid base-sty; Spread of infection into surrounding tissues can produce furuncles-boil; When multiple furuncles grow together-carbuncles
-Pathogen
Caused by Staphlococcus Aureus
Transmitted via fomites
MRSA=Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus
Treatment: Dicloxacillin
2
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (2)
-Signs & Symptoms:
Skin becomes red and wrinkled & forms blisters; Outer epidermis peels off in sheets
-Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Some Staphylococcus Aureus strains; 1 or 2 EXFOLIATIVE TOXINS cause SSSS
-Pathogenesis
No scarring because dermis is unaffected; Death is rare but most often due to secondary infections
-Epidemiology
Disease occurs primarily in infants; Transmitted by person-to-person spread of bacteria
-Diagnosis, treatment, & prevention
Diagnosed by characteristic soughing of skin; Treated by administration of antimicrobial drugs; Widespread presence of S. aureus makes prevention difficult
3
Impetigo (Pydoderma 3)
-Signs & Symptoms:
Red patches form on the face and limbs
-Pathogens & Virulence factors
Most cases are caused by S. Aureus; Some cases caused by Streptococcus Pyogens
-Pathogenesis
The bacteria invade where the skin is compromised; Acute glomerulenephritis can result if infection spreads to the kidneys
-Epidemiology
Transmitted by person-to-person contact via fomites; impetigo occurs mostly in children
-Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
The presence of vesicles is diagnostic for impetigo; red patches of skin with HONEY-COLORED CRUSTS; Impetigo is treated with oral and topical antimicrobials and careful cleaning of infected areas
4
Erysipelas (4)
-Signs & Symptoms:
Infection Spreads to the lymph nodes
-Pathogens & Virulence factors
Most cases are caused by S. Aureus; Some cases caused by Streptococcus Pyogens
-Pathogenesis
The bacteria invade where the skin is compromised; Acute glomerulenephritis can result if infection spreads to the kidneys
-Epidemiology
Transmitted by person-to-person contact via fomites; Erysipelas can also occur in the elderly
-Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Red patches of skin, Treated with penicillin
5
Necrotizing Fasciitis (5)
-Signs & Symptoms
Redness, intense pain, and swelling at infection site; Develop fever, nausea, malaise, and possible mental confusion
-Pathogen and Virulence Factors
Most Cases are caused by S. Pyogense
-Pathogenesis
S. Pyogenes enters through breaks in the skin
-Epidemiology
Usually spread from person to person; Death occurs in about 20% of patients
6
Acne (6)
-Pathogen
Commonly caused by Propionibacterium acnes
7
Cat Scratch Disease (7)
-Signs & Symptoms
Fever, malaise, localized swelling at infection site; Swollen lymph nodes
-Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Caused by Bartonella Henselae (Gram-negative bacillus)
-Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Transmitted by cat bites/scratches or blood-sucking arthropods
8
Pseudomonas Infection (8)
-Signs & Symptoms
Blue-green color from the bacterial pigment; PYOCYANIN, occurs in massive infections
-Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative agent
9
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (9)
-Pathogen
Rickettsia rickettsi (bacteria)
-Signs & Symptoms
Petechaie non itchy spotted rashes on trunk and appendages often on hands and feet, transmitted by infected tick (DERMACENTOR SP.)
10
Cutaneous Anthrax (10)
Caused by Bacilus anthracis
Characterized by Eschar (black painless ulcer)
Treated with antimicrobial drugs
Prevention requires control of disease in animals
11
Gas Gangrene (11)
-Signs and Symptoms
Death of muscle & connective tissue; blackening of infected muscle & skin/presence of gas bubbles
-Pathogens & Virulence Factors
Caused by Several Clostridium species; C. perfringens is most often isolated
-Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Traumatic event must introduce endospores into dead tissue, mortality rate exceeds 40%
-Diagnosis, treatment, & prevention
Appearance is usually diagnostic; rapid treatment is cruicial, surgical removal and antitoxins; prevented with proper cleaning of wounds
12
Diseases of Poxviruses (12)
Poxvirus that cause human diseases; Smallpox; Smallpox if the first human disease to be eradicated
-Signs & Symptoms
Diseases progress through a series of stages
-Pathogens & Virulence Factors
Poxvirus are envoloped in dsDNA virus; ORTHOPOXVIRUS causes smallpox
-Pathogenesis
Smallpox infection occurs by inhalation of virus; spreads through respiratory tract; some by direct contact
-Epidemiology
Variola virus stocks are maintained in U.S. and Russian labs for research
-Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
Treatment requires immediate vaccination; Vaccination discontinued in 1980's
13
Herpes Infections (13)
HHV (Human Herpes Virus)
HHV1-mostly cold sores
HHV2-mostly genital herpes
14
Warts (14)
Papilomavirus: non envoloped dsDNA (60 different strains)
-Most are harmless; may precipitate some cancers
15
Chickenpox & Shingles (15,16)
-Signs & Symptoms
Chickenpox: Highly contagious infectious disease; characterized by lesions on the back & trunk that spread across body; Virus becomes latent within sensory nerves VARICELLA ZOSTER
Shingles: Occurs following reactivation of virus; Lesions are localized to skin along an infected nerve; pain may last after lesions have healed HERPES ZOSTER
-Epidemiology
Chickenpox occurs mostly in children; VZV infected 90% of children prior to immunization; more severe in adults; Risk of shingles increases with age
-Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis based on characteristic lesions; treatment based on relief of symptoms; vaccine available against chickenpox
16
Rubella (17)
-Signs & Symptoms
Children develop a mild rash; adults may develop arthritis & encephalitis; Congenital infection can result in birth defects or death of fetus
-Pathogen & Pathogenesis
Caused by rubella virus: RIBOVIRUS (+ssRNA virus)
AKA German measles
-Signs & Symptoms
Characterized by KOPLIK'S SPOTS; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is complication
-Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Caused by Measles virus (Morbillivirus (-ssRNA virus)
Adhesion and fusion proteins helps virus avoid recognition
-Pathogenesis
Immune response to infected cells causes most symptoms; disease can be fatal in children
-Epidemiology
Measles is highly contagious; spread via respiratory droplets; vaccination helps reduce spread; MMR vaccine protects against measles
17
Measles (Rubeola) (18)
-Signs & Symptoms
Characterized by Koplik's spots
SUBACUTE SCEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE) is rare complication
-Pathogen and virulence factors
Caused by measles virus :Morbillivirus (ssRNA Virus); adhesion and fusion proteins help virus avoid immune recognition
-Pathogenesis
Immune response to infected cells causes most symptoms; disease can be fatal in children
-Epidemiology
Measles is highly contagious; Spread via respiratory droplets; vaccination has reduced spread of the disease; MMR vaccine protects against measles
18
Erythema Infectiosum (19)
Also referred to as fifth disease; caused by Erythrovirus (B19); respiratory disease that manifests as a rash; adults may also develop anemia and joint pain
19
Roseola (20)
Endemic disease of children; caused by human herpesvirus (HHV-6); characterized by a rose-colored rash
20
Pityriasis Versicolor (21)
Hypo- or hyperpigmented patches of scaly skin
-Pathogens & Virulence Factors
Caused by Malessezia Furfur; normal inhabitant on the skin
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Infected skin is page green under ultraviolet light; definitive diagnosis requires microscopic examination
21
Dermatophytoses (22)
Cutaneous lesions caused by some fungi that grow in the skin; caused by dermatophytes
Pathogens: 3 genera cause dermatophytoses: Microsporum, trichophyton, epidermohyton floccosum
Pathogenesis: Dermattophytes colonize skin, nails, and hair; use keratin as nutrient source; infection is rare; limited infections treated with topical agents
22
Chromoblastomycosis (23)
Can infect wounds, not easily treated; people who work barefoot in the soil are at risk; wearing shoes reduces number of infections
23
Phaeohyphomycosis (24)
Includes fungi that invades traumatic or surgical wounds; immunocompromised
24
Mycetomas (25)
Caused by several genera of soil fungi; pricks and scrapes introduce fungi into people; people who work barefoot in soil most at rick; tumorlike lesions form on skin, fascia, and bones
25
Sporotrichosis (26)
Caused by Sporothrix schencki- resides in the soil; pricks & splinters introduce fungi into humans; occurs most often in GARDENERS AND FARMERS
26
Leishmaniasis (27) PROTOZOA
LEISHMANIA is the causative agent (found in animals)- zoonosis; PROTOZOAN transmitted by FEMALE SAND FLIES (VECTOR)
-Sign & Symptoms
CUTANEOUS-MOST INDIVIDUALS RECOVER ; produces large painless skin lesions
MUCOCUTAENOUS-MOST INDIVIDUAL RECOVER: Skin lesions enlarge to encompass mucous membranes
VISCERAL (KALA-AZAR) OFTEN FATAL: Parasite is spread by macrophages throughout the body
-Pathogenesis & Epidimediology
Infected macrophages stimulate inflammatory responses; Leishmaniasis is endemic part of the TROPICS & SUBTROPICS)
-Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention:
MOST CASES HEAL WITHOUT TREATMENT; Diagnosed by microscopic identification of the protozoa; antimicrobials are needed for severe infections; Prevention involves reducing exposure to reservoir host
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