Flashcards in Chapter 24 Deck (11)
Loading flashcards...
1
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections (92)
Signs & Symptoms
Frequent, urgent, painful urination, urine may be cloudy w/foul odor
Pathogens & Virulence factors
Enteric Bacteria are the most common cause; ESCHERICHIA COLI cause mos cases; Virulence factors include flagella and attachment fimbriae
Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Often results when fecal bacteria is self-inoculated into urethra; more common in females
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis is based on urinalysis; many cases resolve without treatment; some treated w/antimicrobial drugs; prevented by limiting contamination by fecal microbes
2
Leptospirosis (93) Bacterial
Zoonotic disease seen primarily in animals
Signs & Symptoms
Abrupt fever, myalgia, muscle stiffness, and headache, rarely fatal
Pathogen
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS; normally lives in many wild & domestic animals; virulent strains make adhesions, are motile, and can evade complement activity
Pathogenesis
Transmitted by contact w/urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water; spirochete travels via the bloodstream through the body
Epidemiology
Occurs throughout world but rate in the US
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosis is based on antibody test; treated with antimicrobial drugs; prevented by avoiding contaminated water
3
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (94)
Signs & Symptoms
Sudden-onset fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, confusion, and severe red rash; Individuals go into shock if untreated
Pathogen & Virulence factors
Caused by S. Aureus; These strains produce TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME TOXIN; cause excessive cytokine production by T cells
Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Absorption of toxin into blood triggers toxic shock syndrome; most cases occur in menstruating females
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosis is based on signs & symptoms; considered medical emergency; requires removal of foreign material and antimicrobial drugs; avoiding tampons or using less absorbent tampons reduces risk
4
Bacterial Vaginosis (95)
Signs & Symptoms
White vaginal discharge w/a "fishy" odor
Pathogen and Virulence Factors
Caused by various anaerobic bacteria
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Associated w/multiple sexual partners and vaginal douching
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms; treated w/oral or vaginal metronidazole
5
Vaginal Candidiasis (96)
Signs & Symptoms
Severe Vaginal itching & burning
Pathogen & Virulence factors
CANDIDA ALBICANS; normal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes
Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Candida overgrows if vaginal pH becomes alkaline or normal microbial populations are reduced; can become systemic in immunocompromised people
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Identification of Candida in presence of symptoms is diagnostic; treated w/azole or fuconazole; avoiding excessive use of antibacterial drugs can prevent candidiasis
6
Gonorrhea (97) Bacterial
Signs & Symptoms
Men experience painful urination and a purulent discharge; women are asymptomatic but pelvic inflammatory disease may develop
Pathogen & Virulence factors
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; virulence factors include fimbrae, capsule, and endotoxin
Pathogenesis
Bacteria attach to epithelial cells of the mucous membranes; infections outside the reproductive tract also occur; babies delivered vaginally by infected mothers can become infected
Epidemiology
Gonorrhea occurs only in humans; cases in US declining; risk increases with frequency of sexual encounters
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Genetic probes are used to diagnose asymptomatic infection; treated with broad spectrum cephalosporin, strains resistant to many antimicrobials, prevented with safe sex
7
Syphilis (98)
Signs & Symptoms
4 Phases: Primary syphilis, Secondary syphilis, Latent syphilis, Tertiary syphilis
Pathogen & Virulence Factors
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM CAUSES SYPHILIS; lives only in humans; Virulence factors have been difficult to identify
Pathogenesis
Transmitted mostly via sexual contact; Sometimes transmitted from mother to child; Most individuals do not develop tertiary syphilis
Epidemiology
Syphilis occurs worldwide; endemic among sex workers, men who have sex with men, and users of illegal drugs
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Antibody test is used to diagnose primary, secondary, and congenital syphilis; Tertiary syphilis is difficult to diagnose; Penicillin G is used to treat all but tertiary syphillis; prevented with safe sex practices
8
Chlamydial Infections (99)
Signs & Symptoms
Women are usually asymptomatic; men have painful urination and pus discharge from penis; causes numerous diseases
Pathogens and Virulence Factors
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; all strains but one are pathogens of humans; grow only within vesicles inside host cells; development cycle
Pathogenesis
Microbes enter body through scrapes or cus; infect conjuctiva or cells lining mucous membranes; spread to lymphatic system causes proctitis; adolescent infection increases cervical cancer risk
Epidemiology
Most common reportable STD in the US; eye infections endemic in poor, crowded areas
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Detection of chlamydial DNA by PCR is diagnostic; treated with antimicrobial drugs; prevented by abstinence or mutual monogamy
9
Chancroid (100)
Signs & Symptoms
Soft Chancres in women, pain upon urination
Pathogen and Virulence factors
HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI; PRODUCES A TOXIN THAT KILLS EPITHELIAL CELLS
Pathogenesis
Most cases in the US are due to foreign travel
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosis based on presence of lesion and buboes; treated with antimicrobial drugs; prevented by abstinence or mutual monogamy
10
Trichomoniasis (101) (protozoan)
Signs & Symptoms
Females have vaginal discharge and irritation; males are typically asymptomatic
Pathogen and Virulence Factors
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Transmitted primarily via sexual intercourse; most common curable STD in women; Increase risk of infection by HIV; various virulence factors contribute to disease
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosed by presence of Trichomonas in clinical samples; treated with a single dose of oral metronidazole; Prevented by avoiding sexual intercourse with infected persons
11
