Flashcards in Chapter 22 Deck (17)
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) (56)
Signs & Symptoms
Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, laryngitis if infection spreads to lower respiratory tract; may progress to scarlet fever or pneumonia; acute glomeronephritis occurs in some untreated cases
Pathogen & Virulence factors
Caused by GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES); has variety of virulence factors
Pathogenesis:
occurs when normal microbiota are depleted, large inoculum is introduced, or adaptive immunity is impaired
Epidemiology
Spread via respiratory droplets; occurs most often in winter and spring
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Often confused with viral pharyngitis, oral penicillin is an effective treatment
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Diphtheria (57)
Signs & Symptoms
Sore throat, localized pain, fever; presence of PSEUDOMEMBRANE that can obstruct airways
Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Caused by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE; PRODUCES DIPHTHERIA TOXIN; prevents polypeptide synthesis and causes cell death
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Spread via respiratory droplets or skin contact; symptomatic in immunocompromised or nonimmune individuals; LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AMONG UNIMMUNIZED CHILDREN
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosis is based on presence of pseudomembrane; treated with antitoxin and antibiotics; immunization available
3
Common Cold (58)
Signs & Symptoms
Sneezing, runny nose, congestion, sore throat, malaise, and cough
Pathogens and Virulence Factors
Enterovirus (RHINOVIRUS) are the most common cause; numerous other viruses cause colds; cold viruses replicate at the lower temperature of the nasal cavity
Pathogenesis
Cold viruses replicate in and kill infected cells
Epidemiology
Rhinoviruses are highly virulent; spread through coughing sneezing, fomites, or person to person contact; develop some immunity to serotypes over time
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Signs and symptoms are usually diagnostic; pleconaril can reduce duration of symptoms; hand antisepsis is important preventative measure
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Pneumococcal Pneumonia (59)
Signs & Symptoms
Fevers, chills, congestion, cough, chest pain; results in short rapid breathing, blood enters lungs, causing rust colored sputum
Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Adhesions, Capsure, and pneumolysin are virulence factors
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA ACCOUNT FOR MOST CASES OF BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; infection occurs by inhalation of bacteria; bacterial replication causes damage to lungs
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosed by identifying diplococci in sputum smears; penicillin is drug of choice for treatment; some strains are penicillin resistant; vaccination is avaiable
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Primary Atypical (Mycoplasmal) Pneumonia (60)
Signs & Symptoms
Include Fever, malaise, sore throat, excessive sweating; SYMPTOMS MAY LAST FOR WEEKS, MORE MILD-'WALKING PNEUMONIA"
Pathogen and Virulence Factors
Caused by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; virulence factors include adhesion proteins
Pathogenesis
Bacteria colonize and kill epithelial cells; causes mucus buildup and colonization by other bacteria
Epidemiology
Bacteria spread by nasal secretions; most common form of pneumonia in teenagers and young adults *
Diagnosis, treatment, Prevention
Difficult to diagnose, treated w/erythromycin and doxyclycline; prevention difficult because infected individuals may be asymptomatic
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Klebsiella Pneumonia (61)
Signs & Symptoms
PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS WITH A THICK, BLOODY SPUTUM
Pathogen and virulence factors
Caused by KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; virulence factors include a capsule
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Immunocompromised individuals at greatest risk for infection
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosed by identifying klebsiella in sputum; treated with antimicrobials, prevention involves good aseptic technique by health care workers
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Legionnaire's Disease (64) (Bacteria)
Signs & Symptoms
Typical pneumonia symptoms; pulmonary function may decrease rapidly
Pathogen and Virulence factors
Caused by LEGIONALLA PNEUMOPHILA
Pathogenesis
L PNEUMOPHILA KILLS HUMAN CELLS; CAUSES TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION
Epidemiology
Legionella survives in domestic water sources, elderly, smoker, and immunocompromised at risk
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosed with florescent antibody staining or serology; quinolones or macrolides are preferred treatement; controlled by reducing bacterial presence in water
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Tuberculosis (65) (Bacteria)
LEADING DISEASE KILLER IN THE WORLD
Signs & Symptoms
Initially limited to minor cough and mild fever; not always apparent
Pathogen & Virulence Factors
Caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; presence of MYCOLIC ACID gives unique features; SLOW GROWTH; PROTECTION FROM PHAGOCYTIC LYSIS; INTRACELLULAR GROWTH, RESISTANCE TO MANY ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Pathogenesis
Spread via inhalation of respiratory drops; 3 types (Primary, Secondary, Disseminated tuberculosis)
Epidemiology
1/3 of worlds population is infected; most deaths occur in Asia/Africa
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Tuberculin skin test identifies exposed tuberculosis; chest x-ray, treatment is combination of drugs; drug resistant strains have emerged; BCG vaccine is available
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Pertussis (Whooping Cough) (66)
Signs & Symtoms
Initially coldlike, then characteristic cough develops
Pathogen and Virulence factors
BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS is causative agent; includes adhesions and SEVERAL TOXINS
Pathogenesis
4 phases of progression; Incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent
Epidimiology
Highly contagious; Bacteria spread through airborne droplets in air, bacteria does not survive long outside of body
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Symptoms are usually diagnostic; treatment is mainly supportive, DTaP vaccine
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Inhalational Anthrax (67) Bacterial
Signs & Symptoms
Initially resembles a cold or flu; progresses to severe coughing, lethargy, shock, and death
Pathogen and Virulence Factors
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS ; virulence factors include a capsule and ANTHRAX TOXIN
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
Anthrax is not spread from person to person; acquired by contact or inhalation of endospore
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis based on identification of bacteria in sputum, early and aggressive antimicrobial treatment is necessary; anthrax vaccine is available to select individuals
11
Influenza (68) viral
Signs & Symptoms
Pharyngitis, congestion, cough, myalgia; sudden fever distinguishes flu from common cold
Pathogens and Virulence Factors
INFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE A AND B; mutations in HEMAGGLUTININ AND NEURAMINIDASE PRODUCE NEW STRAINS; occurs via antigenic drift and antigenic drift
Concern about the fatality associated w/strains similiar to those of past pandemics
Pathogenesis
Symptoms produced by immune response to virus; flu patients are susceptible to secondary bacterial infections; cause damage to lung epithelium
Epidemiology
Transmitted via inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation; complication occur in those with weak immune systems
12
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (69)
MOST COMMON CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Signs & Symptoms
Fever, runny nose, coughing in babies or immunocompromised; mild coldlike symptoms in children and adults
Pathogen
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)
Pathogenesis
Virus causes SYNCYTIA to form the lungs; immune response to RSV further damages lungs
Epidimiology
Transmission occurs via close contact with infected persons
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosis made my immunoassay; supportive treatment for young; prevention includes aseptic technique of health care workers and day care employees
13
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) (70)
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms progress to cough, shock, and labored breathing
Pathogen
Caused by HANTAVIRUS; transmitted from mice via inhalation
Pathogenesis
Hantavirus travels throughout the body via the blood; infection causes widespread inflammation leading to shock
Epidemiology
Human disease more likely as mouse population increases; person to person contact does not occur
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms; no pharmaceutical treatment available, prevention is control of rodents
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Coccidiodomycosis (71)
Signs & Symptoms
Resembles pneumonia or tuberculosis; can become systemic in immunocompromised patients
Pathogen and Virulence Factors
Caused by COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS; pathogen assumes yeast form at human body temperature
Pathogenesis
Arthroconidia from soil enter the body through inhalation
Epidemiology
ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN SOUTHWESTERN US & NORTHERN MEXICO
Diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Diagnosed by presence of spherules in clinical specimens; treated with amphotericin B; protective masks can prevent exposure
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Blastomycosis (72)
Signs & Symptoms
Flu like; Systemic infections can PRODUCE LESIONS ON THE FACE AND UPPER BODY or purulent lesions on various organs
Pathogen
BLASTOMYCES DERMATIDITIS; pathogen yeast from at human body temperature
Pathogenesis & Epidemiology
Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal spores; incidence of human infection is increasing
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Identify fungus in samples; treated with amphotericin B; relapse common in aids patients
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Histoplasmosis (73)
Signs & Symptoms
Asymptomatic in most cases; symptomatic infection causes coughing with bloody sputum or skin lesions
Pathogen
HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM; pathogenic yeast form at human body temp.; histoplasma produces several proteins that inhibit macrophage activities and other hose defenses
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Humans inhale airborne SPORES FROM THE SOIL (FORM BIRD OR BAT DROPPINGS); PREVALENT IN THE EASTERN US
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosis is based on identifying fungus, in clinical samples; infections in immunocompromised usually resove without treatment
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