Chapter 19: Heart failure and dysrhythmias Flashcards
what defines heart failure?
inability of heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet metabolic demands of tissues and organs
true or false: the mortality for HF is high, 50% of patients die within 5 years of diagnosis
true
what are the most common causes of HF?
myocardial ischemia
hypertension
dilated cardiomyopathy
when it comes to systolic dysfunction with low ejection fraction, what is reduced contractility evidenced by ?
low ejection (EF) reduced muscular contraction during ventricle systole
what is the hallmark of diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction ?
patient exhibits low cardiac output
congestion
edema formation with normal ejection fraction
what is increased preload defined as?
compensatory mechanism that enhances the ability of the myocardium to contract more forcefully
what is the difference between forward and backward failure ?
forward: insufficient cardiac pumping manifested by poor cardiac output
backward: congestion of blood behind the pumping chamber
true or false: biventricular heart failure is most often the result of primary left ventricular failure that has progressed to right sided heart HF
true
what is the cardinal sign associated with left HF?
pulmonary congestion
true or false: beta blockers inhibit SNS effects
true
what are dysrhythmias significant for?
indicating an underlying pathophysiological disorder
impairing normal cardiac output
what are factors that cause dysrhythmia?
hypoxia electrolyte imbalance trauma inflammation drugs
what is the difference between tachycardia and brachycardia?
tachycardia: fast heart rate
brachycardia: slow heart rate
what is the difference between sinus arrhythmia and sinus arrest?
sinus arrhythmia: degree of variability in the heart rate
sinus arrest: flat trace for a period of a few seconds
true or false: escape rhythms are associated with low cardiac output
true
