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Chem 005 > Chapter 19 notes > Flashcards

Chapter 19 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what structurally makes a lipid a lipid?

A

naturally occurring molecule from a plant or animal that is
soluble in nonpolar organic solvents and insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

what is a hydrolyzable lipid vs nonhydrolyzable liquid?

A

means hydrolysis can occur and can break down into smaller subunits

means hydrolysis cannot occur and cannot be broken down

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4
Q

which lipids are hydrolyzable?

A

waxes
triacylglycerols
phospholipids

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5
Q

which lipids are nonhydrolyzable?

A

steroids
fat-soluble vitamins
eicosanoids

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6
Q

what makes a fatty acid?

A

carboxylic acid with 12-20 carbon chains

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7
Q

what makes a naturally occurring fatty acid?

A

contain even number of carbons
(uneven can occur but it would be unlikely)

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8
Q

what makes a saturated fatty acid?

A

zero carbon double bonds

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9
Q

what makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

one or more carbon double bonds

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10
Q

what kind of double bonds most likely occur in nature?

A

cis carbon double bonds

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11
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

saturated
C18:0 acid

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12
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

C18:1 acid

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13
Q

what type of omega fatty acid is this? saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated
omega-9

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14
Q

what happens to the melting point of a fatty acid that contains zero double bonds. what happens to the melting point when double bonds are added?

A

melting point is high without double bonds and increase per the fewer carbons there are within the structure

melting point is lowered the more double bonds are added

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15
Q

what reaction is creating waxes?

A

esterification
long chain carboxylic acid + oil (long chain alcohol) -> wax (long chain ester)

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16
Q

is the double bond cis or trans?

A

double bonds are assumed to be cis unless otherwise SPECIFIED

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17
Q

triacylglycerol is an example of what kind of ester?

A

triester

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18
Q

what is the difference between simple and mixed triacylglycerols?

A
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19
Q

difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?

A
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20
Q

difference between fats and oils?

A

fats are sourced from animal products and contain triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

oils are sourced from plant products and contain triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature

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21
Q

how many double bonds do fats contain in comparison to oils?

A

fats contain few-to-none double bonds (saturated)
oils contain one or more double bonds (unsaturated)

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22
Q

would melting point be lower or higher between saturated and unsaturated

A

the more unsaturated a product is, the lower the melting point

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23
Q

would boiling point be lower or high between saturated and unsaturated products?

A

the more unsaturated the lower the boiling point (because the bends in the double bonds make the molecule bulky and decrease surface area)

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24
Q

what is this general chemical structure called? (not the name of the molecule)

A

trans triacylglycerol

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25
what are the two functional groups between triglycerides?
ester alkene
26
what type of reaction is this? what is the product?
hydrogenation
27
what type of reaction is this? what is the product?
hydrolysis
28
what type of reaction is this? what is the product?
saponification
29
when making soap, why do we leave the glycerol in the soap structure?
it acts as a natural moisturizer
30
describe a soap molecule
carboxylate salt of a fatty acid makes up micelle structures
31
what is a micelle?
a spherical structure formed by aggregation of soap molecules
32
how is it that micelles can help wash our hands?
hydrophobic (nonpolar) inside is able to trap clusters of oil/dirt particles while hydrophilic (polar) outside surface is able to travel within water (also polar) and be washed away
33
what are the main subunits within triacylglycerol?
34
what are the main subunits within phosphoacylglycerols?
35
what are the subunits within sphingomyelins?
36
what is a phospholipid?
lipid that contains a phosphorus atom
37
How phospholipids are similar to micelles
both contain a polar head and nonpolar long chain regions
38
where are phosphoacylglycerols commonly found?
principle component in cell membranes of plants and animals
39
what make Sphingomyelins different than phosphoacylglycerols?
contains no glycerol. Backbone is sphingosine no ester bond, the fatty acid is made of amide bond instead
40
where are sphingomyelins commonly found?
make up myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers
41
what would deterioration of myelin sheaths cause?
neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis
42
what are the two unique bonds within the phosphoacylglycerols?
two ester bonds with the two fatty acids one phosphodiester bond at terminal end
43
what is the backbone of sphingomyelins? what are the two unique bonds found within the structure?
sphingomyelin is backbone one amide bond between the backbone and fatty acid one phosphodiester bond at terminal end
44
what is a lipid bilayer?
two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail
45
what is a liposome?
two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail forming a sphere
46
what are the two types of membrane proteins?
peripheral integral
47
what are peripheral membrane proteins?
embedded within the membrane and extend outward on one side only
48
what are integral membrane proteins
extend through the entire bilayer (show up on both sides of bilayer)
49
what class of lipid is cholesterol?
steroid
50
how to identify cholesterol?
three cyclic hex one cyclic pent
51
does simple diffusion require an integral membrane protein?
no
52
does facilitated transport require an integral membrane protein
yes
53
does active transport require integral membrane protein? what else?
yes + energy
54
what is a lipoprotein?
a lipid-protein complex that transports lipids (kind of like a micelle)
55
what are two types of common lipoproteins?
LDL - low density lipoproteins HDL - high density lipoproteins
56
what is the function of LDLs?
transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues
57
what is the function of HDLs
transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver
58
which is bad vs good, LDL or HDL?
good - HDL bad - LDL (contains more fat- more likely to deposit and form plaque)
59
how much blood cholesterol comes from dietary sources? where does the rest come from?
25% liver
60
what is a hormone? what class of lipid is it?
steroid - molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism, which then elicits a response at a different site
61
what are two classes of hormones?
sex hormones adrenal cortical steroids
62
what are two examples of sex hormones?
androgens estrogens
63
what are examples of adrenal cortical steroids?
aldosterone cortisone cortisol
64
what is an eicosanoid?
a lipid derived from arachidonic acid
65
what are examples of eicosanoids?
prostaglandins leukotrienes
66
what two enzymes synthesize prostaglandins? what functions do they trend towards?
COX-1: involved in usual production of prostaglandins COX-2: responsible for synthesis in inflammatory diseases
67
what is the main function of prostaglandins?
inflammation
68
how do traditional NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?
inactivate both COX-1 and COX-2
69
how do newer NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?
specifically target COX-2
70
what is the defining structural feature of prostaglandins?
5 member ring (cyclic pent)
71
what is the defining feature of leukotrienes?
three conjugated double bonds
72
what is the function of leukotrienes?
cause smooth muscles to constrict (contributes to asthmatic response)
73
how do asthma drugs work to treat asthma?
block synthesis of leukotrienes
74
what vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, E, and K
75
which is worse to overdose on, fat-soluble or water-soluble vitamins? which vitamin is the exception?
fat-soluble vitamins are more dangerous because they accumulate while water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in urine vitamin E is the exception
76
what is the vitamin A essential for?
night vision healthy eyes normal development of epithelial tissue
77
what are the three active forms of vitamin A?
retinol retinal retinoic acid
78
how is vitamin A synthesized?
break down of beta carotene
79
what is vitamin D essential for?
regulate calcium absorption and bone formation
80
how is vitamin D synthesized?
ultraviolet light from sun strikes a cholesterol derivative in skin
81
what is vitamin E essential for?
antioxidant; prevents breakdown of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fats
82
what is vitamin K essential for?
to the synthesis of blood-clotting factors
83
how is vitamin K synthesized?
by intestinal bacteria
84
85
86
when making margarine, what types of bonds will form?
cis and trans bonds In the process of making margarine, you will produce some trans fats due to the isomerization reaction where trans bonds are more stables
87
88
what is the product?
aspirin is inactivating the enzyme responsible for production of prostaglandins and inflammation

Chem 005 (17 decks)

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