Fundamentals

Question 1

when a molecule has fewer bonds than expected, what is the result?

Answer 1

a negative charge

Question 2

when a molecule has more bonds than expected, what is the result?

Answer 2

a positive charge
Ex: such is the case with NH4. when nitrogen must share the lone pairs of electrons with one extra hydrogen, the overall molecule will gain a positive charge

Question 3

what is this molecular shape? in degrees?

Answer 3

linear 180 degrees

Question 4

what is this molecular shape? in degrees?

Answer 4

trigonal planar 120 degrees

Question 5

what is this molecular shape? in degrees?

Answer 5

BENT trigonal planar <120 degrees

Question 6

what is this molecular shape? in degrees?

Answer 6

tetrahedral 109.5 degrees

Question 7

what is this molecular shape? in degrees?

Answer 7

trigonal pyramidal 107 degrees

Question 8

what is this molecular shape? in degrees

Answer 8

BENT tetrahedral 104 degrees

Question 9

identify each of the molecular shapes:

Answer 9

Question 10

list the electronegativity in order from greatest to weakest of these molecules: Florine, Chlorine, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon

Answer 10

Question 11

list the names of forces between molecules in order from greatest force to least amount of force

Answer 11

Ionic bonds > hydrogen bonds > dipole-dipole forces > London forces

Question 12

what are London forces based on?

Answer 12

surface area
number of electrons

Question 13

which has a high surface area vs low?

Answer 13

pentane = high surface area
neopentane = low surface area (think of beach balls touching another beach ball)

Question 14

how strong are the forces between a compound with a low boiling point?

Answer 14

weak

Question 15

how strong are the forces between a compound with a high boiling point?

Answer 15

strong (think of metals)

Question 16

if a compound has many electrons, how strong are the London forces?

Answer 16

strong

Question 17

if a compound has lesser electrons, how strong are the London forces?

Answer 17

weak

Question 18

what are dipolar forces?

Answer 18

forces between negatively charged and positively charged ions

Question 19

what are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 19

bonds of Hydrogen between O, N, or F

Question 20

what are ionic bonds?

Answer 20

bonds between metals and nonmetals

Question 21

what is a haloalkane?

Answer 21

an alkane + any halogen

Question 22

what is an ether?

Answer 22

oxygen separated with two chains of carbon chains

Question 23

what are thiols?

Answer 23

carbon chain attached to SH

Question 24

what are sulfides?

Answer 24

sulfur separated with two chains of carbon chains

Question 25

what are disulfides?

Answer 25

two sulfur connected together and separated by two carbon chains

Question 26

what are amines?

Answer 26

Nitrogen connected and separated by carbon chains

Question 27

what are aldehydes?

Answer 27

Question 28

ketones?

Answer 28

Question 29

carboxylic acids?

Answer 29

Question 30

ester?

Answer 30

Question 31

amide?

Answer 31

Question 32

Peroxide?

Answer 32

Question 33

what would this structure be called?

Answer 33

Question 34

what is the difference between isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl?

Answer 34

isobutyl has a methyl branch at the second to last carbon of the substi. sec-butyl has a methyl branch at the first carbon of the substi. tert-butyl has a trimethyl branch at the first carbon of the substi.

Question 35

what is the name of this substituent

Answer 35

sec-butyl

Question 36

what is the name of this substituent?

Answer 36

isobutyl

Question 37

what is the name of this substituent?

Answer 37

tert-butyl

Question 38

name this structure

Answer 38

Question 39

name this structure

Answer 39

Question 40

what are the factors that contribute to London forces?

Answer 40

surface area number of electrons

Question 41

what is the boiling point of a compound dependent on?

Answer 41

intermolecular forces (stronger IMFs = higher boiling point) number of branches - more branching causes reduction of surface area = lower boiling point

Question 42

what is the melting point of a compound dependent on?

Answer 42

IMFs symmetry - more symmetrical molecules will have higher melting points

Question 43

which molecule would have higher boiling point and which higher melting point?

Answer 43

a.) would have higher boiling point because the net dipole is positive in value (stronger IMFs) b.) would have a higher melting point because it is more symmetrical (more symmetry)

Question 44

are alkanes polar or nonpolar? do they dissolve in water?

Answer 44

alkanes are nonpolar they do not dissolve in water

Question 45

what are some characteristics of alkanes?

Answer 45

less dense than water flammable odorless colorless tasteless nontoxic

Question 46

what is the definition of a smaller alkane?

Answer 46

1-4 carbons = gas they are a suffocation hazard

Question 47

what does the reaction of complete combustion of an alkane require and what does it produce? incomplete?

Answer 47

Question 48

how many degrees in a trigonal planar?

Answer 48

120

Question 49

how many degrees in a bent trigonal planar?

Answer 49

118

Question 50

how many degrees in tetrahedral?

Answer 50

109.5

Question 51

how many degrees in trigonal pyramidal?

Answer 51

107

Question 52

how many degrees in bent tetrahedral?

Answer 52

104

Question 53

which directions along the periodic table is electronegativity stronger?

Answer 53

gets stronger as it moves towards fluorine in the upper righthand corner

Question 54

which of these would have stronger London forces?

Answer 54

pentane would have stronger forces because it has more surface area neopentane would have weaker forces because of the low surface area