chapter 20 - carbohydrates

Question 1

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 1

carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms

Question 2

what is an aldose?

Answer 2

monosaccharide with aldehyde functional group

Question 3

what is a ketose?

Answer 3

monosaccharide with ketone functional group

Question 4

what are the two common aldohexose?

Answer 4

glucose
galactose

Question 5

what is the common ketohexose?

Answer 5

fructose

Question 6

what is another name for glucose?

Answer 6

“blood sugar”

Question 7

what was glucose originally mistaken for?

Answer 7

hydrate of carbon

Question 8

what types of polysaccharides does glucose help make up?

Answer 8

starch
cellulose
glycogen

Question 9

Glucose is a ____________ of many common polysaccharides

Answer 9

monomer

Question 10

how does glucose move around the body? is it slow or quick energy?

Answer 10

blood stream
quick energy

Question 11

what is normal range of blood glucose levels?

Answer 11

70 - 110 mg/dL

Question 12

what is excess glucose converted into?

Answer 12

glycogen or fat

Question 13

where is galactose commonly found?

Answer 13

cellular membranes of brain/nervous system

Question 14

what two subunits form lactose?

Answer 14

glucose + galactose

Question 15

what is galactosemia? what can it cause? what is the treament?

Answer 15

lack enzyme to metabolize galactose causing galactose build up
cataracts, cirrhosis, and mental retardation
avoid lactose-containing milk products

Question 16

what is the main characteristic of fructose?

Answer 16

it is the sweetest carbohydrate

Question 17

what subunits form sucrose?

Answer 17

glucose + fructose

Question 18

what is another name for sucrose?

Answer 18

table sugar

Question 19

where is fructose commonly found?

Answer 19

honey and some fruits

Question 20

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

Answer 20

aldohexose

Question 21

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

Answer 21

aldopentose

Question 22

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

Answer 22

ketohexose

Question 23

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

Answer 23

aldotriose

Question 24

are monosaccharides chiral or achiral?

Answer 24

chiral

Question 25

enantiomers vs diastereomer

Answer 25

Question 26

do diastereomers have 1 chiral carbon or more than 1?

Answer 26

must have more than 1

Question 27

make D-glucose into its alpha/beta hemiacetal Haworth projection version

Answer 27

Question 28

D-glucose exists between both cyclic versions and its open-chain structure, which is it most likely to exist as?

Answer 28

Question 29

what is the process of molecule existing as both its hemiacetal versions and its open-chain version?

Answer 29

mutarotation

Question 30

what does a glycosidic formation require?

Answer 30

hemiacetal + alcohol + catalyst -> acetal + water

Question 31

what is the product? what is the name of the type of glycosidic bond?

Answer 31

alpha glycosidic bond

Question 32

what is this type of reaction? products?

Answer 32

polysaccharide hydrolysis

Question 33

what type of reaction? what is the product?

Answer 33

Phosphorylation

Question 34

what is a reducing sugar?

Answer 34

a carbohydrate that reacts in basic solution with a mild oxidizing agent (requires an aldehyde/ hemiacetal functional group)

Question 35

can nonreducing sugars be oxidized?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

are ketoses reducing sugars?

Answer 36

yes, they tautomerize to aldoses

Question 37

what type of reaction? what is the product?

Answer 37

oxidation reaction

Question 38

this is a maltose structure. is it alpha or beta maltose?

Answer 38

alpha-maltose

Question 39

is maltose a reducing sugar?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

is lactose a reducing structure?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

is sucrose a reducing sugar? why?

Answer 41

no, it does not have a hemiacetal functional group

Question 42

what type of glycosidic bond?

Answer 42

Question 43

what type of glycosidic bond does alpha maltose have?

Answer 43

alpha-1,4

Question 44

what type of glycosidic bond?

Answer 44

beta-1,4

Question 45

what is a polysaccharide?

Answer 45

polymer composed of many monosaccharides

Question 46

which organism is the only able to digest cellulose? how?

Answer 46

termites with the help of bacteria in their gut

Question 47

is cellulose a reducing sugar

Answer 47

no, because only one end of very many subunits will react with Fehling's test. Not enough to produce a visible positive result

Question 48

what are amylose and amylopectin examples of?

Answer 48

starches

Question 49

what percent is amylose and amylopectin found in?

Answer 49

amylose - 20% of starch amylopectin - 80% of starch

Question 50

is amylose soluble in water?

Answer 50

yes, somewhat

Question 51

what is difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 51

amylose is made up of many glucose subunits and alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds amylopectin is made up of many glucose subunits and alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, but contains alpha-1,6 branches every 25 subunits

Question 52

is amylopectin soluble in water?

Answer 52

no

Question 53

what is the most abundant polysaccharide? second-most?

Answer 53

cellulose chitin

Question 54

what is chitin?

Answer 54

a carbohydrate derivative made up of poly glucosamine

Question 55

where is chitin commonly found?

Answer 55

shell of lobster, beetle, spider

Question 56

what are glycoproteins?

Answer 56

a protein that contains a short carbohydrate chain (oligosaccharide chain)

Question 57

where can glycoproteins be found?

Answer 57

attached to proteins

Question 58

how is blood type determined?

Answer 58

based on what monosaccharides are attached to the membrane protein of red blood cells

Question 59

type A has what monosaccharide is attached?

Answer 59

Question 60

type B blood has what monosaccharide attached?

Answer 60

Question 61

Answer 61

Question 62

draw Haworth projection of beta-D-galactose

Answer 62

Question 63

what is the relationship between alpha and beta monosaccharides?

Answer 63

they are anomers

Question 64

what is the process of a cyclic alpha going to open chain form, then to beta or back again?

Answer 64

mutarotation

Question 65

draw beta-L-galactose

Answer 65