Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio Psych > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

contains the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurons

A

specialized cell that …
-convey sensory into to the brain
-carry out operations involved in thought, feeling, and action
-transmits commands out into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dendrites

A

extensions that branch out from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

contains nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Axon hillock

A

a site for action potential initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Axon

A

carries info to other neurons and to organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-made up of fatty substances (oligodendrocytes)
-allows electric impulses to transmit quickly along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axon Terminals (End Bulbs)

A

release neurotransmitters to communicate with neurons, muscles, and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of Multipolar Neurons

A

-motor neurons
-inter neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interneuron

A

connect one neuron to another in same part of brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

-sensory neuron
-where axon leaves soma at one location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Sensory neuron where axon terminals extends on both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motor Neuron

A

conducts messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

carries information from body and world to brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most critical factor in a neuron’s ability to communicate?

A

Neural Membrane (skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neural Membrane contains…

A

Lipids and Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neural Membrane is…

A

selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Polarization

A

difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Voltage

A

Difference in electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Resting Potential

A

-difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron at rest
-typically around 70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At rest a neuron’s outside contains…

A

mostly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At rest a neuron’s inside contains …

A

mostly potassium (K+) and organic anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

moves 3 Na+ outside for every 2 K+ inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Depolarization

A

-caused by a change in ion balance
-moving closer to 0mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
If depolarization reaches threshold (-60mV) at axon hillock…
an action potential will be triggered
26
Steps of Action Potential
1. Membrane depolarized past threshold through a series of local or graded potentials 2. Voltage-gated Na channels open, Na enter around +30mV 3. Na channels close, Voltage gated K channels open, K exists. The cell hyperpolarizes around -80mV 4. K channels slowly close and membrane returns to resting potential
27
Is a local or graded potential decremental or non-decremental?
Decremental- magnitude decreases with distance and time
28
Is an action potential decremental or non-decremental?
Non-decremental: message travels over long distances at the same amplitude
29
Action Potential All or None Law
always occur at full strength or not at all
30
Absolute Refractory Period
-neuron cannot generate another impulse -created by inactivated sodium channels
31
Relative Refectory Period
action potential generated only in response to stronger-than-threshold stimulus
32
Local anesthetics work by…
blocking sodium channels
33
General Anesthetics work by…
opening potassium channels
34
Tetrodotoxins work by
blocking sodium channels
35
Scorpion venom works by…
opening sodium channels
36
Glial Cells
non-neural cells that provide a number of supporting functions to the nervous system
37
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann Cells (PNS)
glial cells that create myelin
38
Astrocytes (CNS)
-important for providing nutrients to nervous tissue -repair from injury (gliosis)
39
Microglia (CNS)
-main immune system mechanism in the CNS -scavenge for plaques or antigens
40
Nodes of Ranvier
-myelin gaps - where saltatory conduction occurs
41
Saltatory Conduction
the action potential jumps from node to node
42
Camillo Golgi
-developed method that randomly stained some neurons entirely -Golgi Stain Method -allowed neuroscientist to track connections between neurons of CNS
43
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
-established that neurons were separate cells -led to discovery of synapse
44
Contiguity
in a group but not touching
45
Synapse
connections or junctions between individual neurons
46
Presynaptic Neuron
transmits the signal
47
Postsynaptic Neuron
receives the signal
48
Synaptic Cleft
gap between the presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
49
Synaptic Cleft Step 1
-action potential depolarizes presynaptic membrane -Ca+ channels open and Ca+ enters cell
50
Synaptic Cleft Step 2
-Vesicles fuse with membrane -exocytosis occurs (neurotransmitter is released into cleft)
51
Synaptic Cleft Step 3
neurotransmitter binds to post synaptic cleft
52
Synaptic Cleft Step 4
Ionotropic receptor opens post synaptic ion channels, changing the potential
53
Synaptic Cleft Step 5
reuptake pumps then carry neurotransmitter back to presynaptic neuron for repackaging
54
Ionotropic Receptors
-cause ion channels to open -has a direct and rapid effect on the neuron
55
Metabotropic Receptor
-open ion channels indirectly -producing a slower but longer-acting effects
56
Hypopolarized
-when the voltage becomes more positive -creates an EPSP
57
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
makes it more likely that an action potential will occur
58
Hyperpolarized
when the voltage becomes more negative -creates an IPSP
59
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
makes it less likely an action potential will occur
60
What is summation?
process that determines whether or not an action potential will be triggered by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals
61
What does summation do?
post-synaptic neuron must combine potentials from many neurons to fire
62
Why is summation important?
ensures post-synaptic neuron isn’t fired by spontaneous activity on pre-synaptic neuron
63
Spatial Summation
multiple simultaneous inputs on the dendrites and the cell body are combined
64
Temporal Summation
-action potentials arriving a short time apart are added together -come from same place
65
Reuptake
the transmitter is brought back into the terminals
66
Inactivation
enzymes break down the transmitter in the cleft
67
One function of the specialized protein channels in a cell membrane is to…
selectively allow substances to enter or leave the cell
68
Ions
charged atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons
69
Potassium ions are concentrated in the …
intracellular fluid
70
The action potential spreads through an axon by …
depolarizing adjacent membrane to threshold via saltatory conduction
71
What experiment did Otto Loewi perform to show that most synapses are chemical?
altering the heart rate in frog hearts by bathing one heart in the chemical solution he collected from another heart
72
Vesicles are stored in the …
axon terminals
73
Autoreceptors
detect the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

Bio Psych (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions