Chapter 9

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

acquisition of information

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

interpretation of information

Question 3

Receptor Cell

Answer 3

-specialized neuron that responds to a particular form of energy
-converts energy into a neural response

Question 4

Adequate Stimulus

Answer 4

energy form for which the receptor is specialized

Question 5

Law of Specific Nerve Energy

Answer 5

-the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory info is carried
-Johannes Peter Müller

Question 6

Adequate Stimulus for hearing is…

Answer 6

vibration in a conducting medium

Question 7

Frequency (Hz)

Answer 7

-number or cycles or waves of alternating compression and decompression of the vibrating medium that occur in a second
- Hertz (Hz) = sounds wave per second

Question 8

Frequency =

Answer 8

-pitch
-high pitch = more sound waves per second

Question 9

Amplitude (V)

Answer 9

-height of the sounds waves, which dictates intensity
-Voltz (V) = wave amplitude

Question 10

Amplitude =

Answer 10

-loudness
-def: our experience of sound energy

Question 11

Pure Sound

Answer 11

sounds comprised of one frequently

Question 12

Complex Sound

Answer 12

sound comprised of a mixture of frequencies

Question 13

Pinna

Answer 13

flap of the skin and cartilage protruding from either side of the head

Question 14

What does the pinna do?

Answer 14

it captures and amplifies sounds o auditory canal

Question 15

What makes up the outer ear?

Answer 15

-pinna

Question 16

What makes up the middle ear?

Answer 16

-tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-ossicles

Question 17

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Answer 17

very thin membrane stretched across the end of the auditory canal

Question 18

Ossicles

Answer 18

tiny bones that operate in a lever-like fashion to transfer vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea

Question 19

Ossicles are comprised of…

Answer 19

-maleus (hammer)
-incus (anvil)
-stales (stirrup)

Question 20

Inner ear is made up of …

Answer 20

cochlea

Question 21

Cochlea

Answer 21

-contains sound analyzing structures
-subdivided into 3 fluid filled chambers

Question 22

Vestibular Canal

Answer 22

point of entry of sound

Question 23

Tympanic Canal

Answer 23

-allows pressure waves to travel in cochlear fluid

Question 24

Basilar Membrane

Answer 24

-contains hair cells
-vibration passed from cochlear canal

Question 25

Hair cells

Answer 25

-receptors for auditory stimulation - vibration bends the hair cells, opening Ca+ and K+ channels (depolarization) - when the hair cells move back in the opposite direction, K+ channels close

Question 26

2 Sets of Hair Cells

Answer 26

- single row of about 3,500 inner hair cells, which provides about 90-95% of auditory neurons (provide majority of auditory info) - three rows of 12,000 outer hair cells, which increase the cochlea’s sensitivity

Question 27

Auditory Pathway

Answer 27

auditory (8th cranial nerve) -> inferior colliculi (sound from both ears converge) -> medial geniculate nucleus (mostly opposite ear info) -> primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

Question 28

Topographical Organization

Answer 28

neurons of adjacent receptor locations in the ear (hair cells) project to adjacent cells in the cortex

Question 29

Dorsal Stream

Answer 29

- auditory cortex -> parietal loves -> frontal lobes - “where” the sound is

Question 30

Ventral Stream

Answer 30

-travels from the temporal lobe to the frontal lobes - secondary auditory areas are involved in analyzing sounds and understanding their meaning -“what” the sound is

Question 31

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 31

ability to sort out meaningful sounds embedded in confusing background of sounds

Question 32

Selective Attention

Answer 32

our brain enhances some sounds around us and suppresses others

Question 33

Auditory objects

Answer 33

a sound we identify as distinct from others

Question 34

Identify Sounds

Answer 34

-voices are identified in the superior temporal lobe -environment sounds are identified in the posterior temporal areasa