- analgesic (pain relief) - hypnotic (sleep-inducing) - euphoric (strong feelings of happiness)

Chapter 5 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Engelbrecht

Drug

any substance that changes the body or its functioning

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Agonists

mimic or enhances a neurotransmitter

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Antagonist

may reduce release of neurotransmitter or block receptors

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psychoactive drug

those that have psychological effects

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addiction is identified by…

-preoccupation with obtaining a drug
-compulsive use of drug in spite of adverse consequences
-a high tendency to relapse

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withdrawal

negative reaction that occurs when drug use is stopped

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tolerance

person becomes less responsive to the drug, requiring increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same result

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Opiates are derived from…

opium poppy

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Effects of opiates

analgesic (pain relief)
hypnotic (sleep-inducing)
euphoric (strong feelings of happiness)

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Opiates mimic…

endorphins

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Types of Opiates

morphine, codeine, laudanum, paregoric

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morphine

-used to treat pain
-discovered in 1800s

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codeine

-an ingredient in opium
-used as a cough suppressant

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laudanum

-diluted form of opium
-used to treat diarrhea and pain

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paregoric

-diluted opium
-used to quiet fretful children

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Opiods

synthesized form of opiates

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Heroin (opioid)

-produces an immediate, intense euphoria
-most notoriously abused drug

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Conditioned or Learned tolerance

a learned association develops between tolerance and the environment in which it debelops

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Depressants

drugs that reduce nervous system activity

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Effects of depressants

-sedation
-anxiolytic (anxiety reduction)
-hypnotic

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Types of depressants

alcohol and barbituates and benzos

Alcohol

-depresses cortical inhibition, reducing social constraints and anxiety
-withdraw can produce delirium temens

Delirium tremens

hallucinations, delusions, confusion, and in extreme cases seizures and possible death

How does alcohols affect neurotransmitters

-inhibites glutamate
-increases the release of GABA
- GABA opens chloride channels which hyper-polarizes the cell

Barbituates

-used to treat anxiety and insomnia -increases release of GABA

Benzodiazepines

-safer for treating anxiety -act at the benzodiazepine receptor on Gaba receptor -reduced activity in limbic system, hippocampus, brain stem and cortex

Stimulants

active the CNS to produce arousal

Effects of stimulants

-increase alertness -relieves fatigue -decreases appetite -elevates mood

Types of Stimulants

-caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nictoine

Caffeine

blocks receptors for adenosine, increasing the amount of dopamine and acetylcholine

Cocaine

-extracted from cocoa plant -blocks dopamine and serotonin reuptake

Amphetamines

-a group of synthetic drugs that produce euphoria, increase confidence, snd concentration -increase release of norepinephrine and dopamine

Nicotine

-stimulates nicotine acetylcholine receptors -in PNS, activates muscles and may cause twitching -in CNS, produces increased alertness and faster response to stimulation

Psychadelixs

compounds that cause perceptual distortions

Types of psychadelics

LSD, mushrooms, PCPs, Ecstasy (MDMA)

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

-structurally similar to serotonin -stimulates serotonin receptors

Mushrooms

-contain psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin -produce predominantly visual hallucinations

Phencyclidine (PCP)

-created to be an anesthetic -activates dopamine pathways and inhibits glutamate receptors

Ecstasy (MDMA)

-psychomotor stimulant at low doses (releases dopamine) -hallucinogenic at higher doses (released serotonin)

Marijuana

-dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant - active agent is Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC

-binds to the endogenous cannibinoid receptors -causes increase in dopamine

Effects of marijuana

-memory -cogniton -IQ -possible reductions in hippocampus and amygdala size -impaired frontal love functioning in offspring

Reward

positive effect an object or condition has on a user

Mesolimbic Pathway

-VTA -> nucleus accumbens -> cortex -incentive salience and addition

Mesocortical Pathway

-VTA -> frontal lobe -essential to normal cognitive control, motivation, and emotion

Agonists Treatments

-mimic drugs effects

Partial Agonist Treatment

-mimic drug more weakly -allows for ceiling effect

Antagonist Treatment

-block drug effects

Aversive Treatment

-cause an unpleasant reaction when the drug is used

Anti-drug vaccines

-stimulate immune system to make antibodies that degrade the drug

SSRIs

-increases serotonin

Retrograde messaging

-post synaptic cell releases cannabinoid which binds to the presynaptic neuron to control the release of the neurotransmitter -THC binds to the receptor on the presynaptic neuron which releases more dopamine