Chapter 6

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

refers to the factors that initiate, sustain, and direct behaviors

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

-complex behavior that is automatic and unlearned
-been replaced by learned behaviors

Question 3

incentive

Answer 3

-people are motivated by external stimulus
-can meet biological or nonbiological need

Question 4

arousal

Answer 4

people behave to satisfy a certain level of their preferred sensation

Question 5

drive

Answer 5

the body maintains homeostasis in it system

Question 6

Homeostatic Drives

Answer 6

-motivate behavior
-state of the brain not conditions of the tissue

Question 7

Temperature regulation

Answer 7

-control system maintains certain bodily conditions around a set point
-located in preoptic area of hypothalamus

Question 8

ectotherms

Answer 8

cannot regulate body temperature internally

Question 9

endotherms

Answer 9

maintain a constant internal temperature

Question 10

Thirst

Answer 10

-our body is about 70% water
-maintaining our water is critical for life
— keeps our blood flowing
— maintains our body cells
— aids digestion

Question 11

osmotic thirst

Answer 11

-when fluid in cells drop
-usually from eating a salty meal
-initiates drinking behavior

Question 12

osmotic thirst pathway

Answer 12

OVLT -> median preoptic nucleus

Question 13

Hypovolemic thirst

Answer 13

-when blood volume drops
-detected by baroreceptors and kidneys

Question 14

hypovolemic thirst pathway

Answer 14

vagus nerve -> nucleus of the solitary tracts (NST) in medulla -> preoptic area

Question 15

hunger

Answer 15

feeding behavior to provide energy for fuel and for maintaining body temp, growth, and repair cells

Question 16

hunger pathway

Answer 16

taste buds -> NST -> insula (primary gustatory cortex)

Question 17

Preoptic area regulates…

Answer 17

temperature and drinking behavior

Question 18

Sensory-specific satiety

Answer 18

-food is less appealing the more you eat
-encourages variation in choices
-takes place in NST

Question 19

learned taste acersion

Answer 19

avoiding food associated with illness or poor nutrition

Question 20

learned taste preference

Answer 20

preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrition

Question 21

Steps of Digestion

Answer 21

1. Mouth - saliva breaks down starches into glucose
2. Stomach - hydrochloric acid and pepsin mix with food to digest proteins into amino acid
3. Small Intestine - duodenum is where the rest of digestion takes place
   -fats transformed into fatty acids and glycerol by bile
   -hepatic portal vein transports products to liver

Question 22

Absorptive fase

Answer 22

glucose -> parasympathetic activation -> pancreas secretes insulin

-glucose enters body cells
-glucose stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
-fat is stored in adipose cells as triglycerides

Question 23

Fasting phase

Answer 23

glucose decreases -> sympathetic activation -> pancreas secretes glucagon

-glycogen transformed to glucose
-stored fat is released as fatty acids and glycerol

Question 24

Glucoprovic

Answer 24

low on glucose

Question 25

lipoprovic hunger

Answer 25

low on fatty acids

Question 26

ghrelin hunger

Answer 26

hormone released into blood stream at stomach empties during fasting