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AP 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has matter and takes up space

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2
Q

Mass

A

the amount of matter a substance contains, whereas weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass

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3
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

C

A

Carbon

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5
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

Na

A

Sodium

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7
Q

O, C, H, N

A

Make up the majority of elements in our body

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8
Q

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg and Fe

A

Make up lesser elements

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9
Q

Oxygen

A

65%
used to generate ATP, a molecule
used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy.

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10
Q

Carbon

A

18%
Forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleIc acids (DNA and RNA)

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11
Q

Hydrogen

A

9.5%
Constituent of water and most organic molecules

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12
Q

Nitrogen

A

3.2%
Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

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13
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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14
Q

Subatomic particles in atoms

A

protons (p+), neutrons (n0) and electrons (e-)

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15
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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16
Q

Mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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17
Q

Atomic mass/weight

A

the average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes

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18
Q

Ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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19
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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20
Q

Compound

A

substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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21
Q

Free radical

A

is an atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell

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22
Q

Antioxidants

A

substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

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23
Q

Chemical bond

A

Occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

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24
Q

Cations elements

A

H+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+

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25
Anions elements
F-, Cl-, I-, OH-, HCO3-, O2-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-
26
Ionic compounds exist as
Soilds
27
Ionic bonds are manly found in
Teeth and bones
28
Electrolytes form when
An ionic compound breaks apart in + or - ions in a solution
29
Covalent bonds
When 2 or more atoms share electrons rather than donating/receiving
30
Atoms form covalently bonded molecules by
Sharing one, two, or three pairs of valence electrons
31
What can covalent bonds form between
Two similar atoms or atoms of different elements
32
O=O
Total of 4 electrons will be shared
33
Nonpolar covalent bond
Atoms share electrons equally, hydrophobic
34
Polar covalent bond
Sharing of electrons between 2 atoms is unequal
35
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds that result from attraction of oppositely charges parts of molecules Stabilize molecular structure of large molecules
36
Many hydrogen bonds together make them
Strong
37
Cohesion
the tendency of like particles to stay together
38
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give
Water cohesion
39
Surface tension
a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid Created by hydrogen bonds
40
Chemical reactions occur when
new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken
41
Reactants
starting substances
42
Products
ending substances
43
Energy
the capacity to do work
44
Types of energy
❑ Potential energy ❑ Kinetic energy ❑ Chemical energy
45
Laws of conversation of energy
energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another
46
Exergonic reactions
Release more energy than is consumes
47
Endergonic reaction
Use more energy than it produces
48
Activation reaction
Ensure more products will be formed, add energy
49
Types of chemical reactions
1. Synthesis 2. Decomposition 3. Exchange 4. Reversible 5. Oxidation-reduction
50
Synthesis
A+B—>AB
51
Decomposition
AB—>A+B
52
Exchange
AC+BD—>AB+CD
53
Reversible
A+B<—>AB
54
Oxidation
Loss of electrons and energy release
55
Reduction
Gain of electrons and energy gain
56
Inorganic compounds
usually lack carbon and are simple molecules
57
Organic compound
always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds
58
Water
the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things, has a high heat capacity, helps reduce friction as membranes
59
Hydrolysis reaction
Water is added to break bonds
60
Dehydration synthesis
Water is removed to break bonds
61
Mixture
combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bonded together
62
3 types of mixtures
1. Solution 2. Colloid 3. Suspension
63
Acid
H+ 1-6
64
Base
OH- 8-14
65
Salt
(+) + (-)
66
Buffer system
help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases Helps maintain homeostasis
67
Enzymes
a catalyst in a living cell Enzymes are: ❑ Highly specific ❑ Extremely efficient ❑ Subject to cellular controls
68
Organic compounds always contain
Carbon
69
Carbon compounds
do not dissolve easily in water are a good source of energy
70
Carbohydrates
provide most of the energy needed for life
71
Monosaccharides
simple sugars that contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
72
Disaccharides
simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
73
Polysaccharides
from tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
74
Glucose
The main blood sugar Monosaccharides
75
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose
76
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
77
All steroids have
4 rings of carbon atoms, individual rings are designated by the letters A, B, C, D
78
Proteins
Give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes
79
Structural
Form structural framework of various parts of the body
80
Regulatory
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes; control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system
81
Contractile
Allow shorting of muscle cells, which produces movement
82
Immunological
Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens
83
Transport
Carry vital substances throughout the body
84
Catalytic
Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions
85
Amino acids
Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids
86
Peptide bonds
Help you determine what kind of protein it is
87
Primary structure
Amino acid sequence
88
Secondary structure
Twisting and folding of neighbouring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds
89
Tertiary structure
Three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain (final stage)
90
Quaternary structure
Arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains
91
DNA
Forms the genetic code in the nuclei of the body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities
92
RNA
Guides protein formation
93
DNA components
Cytosine Thymine Adenine Guanine
94
RNA components
Cytosine Uracil Adenine Guanine
95
Pentose sugar
A five carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to each base in DNA
96
Phosphate group
Alternate with pentose sugars to form the backbone of DNA strand

AP 1 (24 decks)

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