Final😳 Nervous And Blood Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Fight or flight
2
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
Rest and digest
3
Q
Sensory (PNS)
A
sense changes through sensory receptors into the CNS
4
Q
Motor (CNS)
A
respond to stimuli, transmitting position to effector
5
Q
Integrative (PNS)
A
analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
6
Q
Neurons
A
conduct nerve impulses and transmit information, electrically excitable
7
Q
primary nerve cells
A
Identify nervous tissue
8
Q
action potentials
A
transmits signals as nerve impulses
9
Q
Neurons function
A
sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity, regulating glandular secretions. Can NOT undergo mitotic divisions
10
Q
Dendrites
A
Receive stimuli
11
Q
Cell body
A
Receives stimuli and produces EPSP’s and IPSP’s through activation
12
Q
Axon hillock
A
Trigger zone in many neurons
13
Q
Axon
A
Propagates nerve impulses from initial segments to axon terminals
14
Q
Axon terminals
A
Inflow of Ca+ caused by depolarizing phase of nerve impulse triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles
15
Q
Unipolar (pseudo) PNS → CNS
A
1 short process sticks out of body
Less common
Found in: PNS, sensory system
Dendrites + 1 axon fused together – forms 1 continuous process
Sends sensory info to CNS
16
Q
Bipolar
A
2 short neuronal processes – dendrite and axon, stick out of body
Rare, least common
Found in: sensory systems, eyes or nose
1 main dendrite and 1 axon
Axon goes into cranial cavity
17
Q
Multipolar
A
3+ short processes stick out of body
MOST COMMON
Found in: Most cells
Several dendrites + 1 axon
Can synapse with many
18
Q
Sensory/Afferent Neurons
A
- Sense info through sensory receptors – sends into toward nervous system
- In PNS: unipolar neurons
- Location: distal ends (dendrites) or just after sensory receptors
- Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
19
Q
Motor/Efferent neurons
A
- Transmits impulses/stimuli away from CNS – muscles and glands
- In PNS: multipolar neurons
- Bring action potentials to effectors in PNS thru cranial or spinal nerves
20
Q
Inter/Association Neurons
A
- Transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons
- In CNS: multipolar neurons
- Between sensory and motor neurons
- Analyze incoming sensory info, stores, makes behavioral decisions
- Processes incoming sensory info (sensory neurons) – activates motor neurons – motor response
- Unipolar enters brain – interneuron takes its signal and continues traveling
21
Q
Ganglion
A
a collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
22
Q
Sensory receptor
A
A structure that monitors a change (stimulus) in the outside or inside environment
23
Q
Enteric plexuses
A
collection of several neurons that interconnect within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
24
Q
Integration
A
process of processing incoming sensory information and analyzing the information to make decisions for appropriate responses.
25
Effectors
cell, tissue or organs that respond by carrying out the action
26
Nissl bodies
are aggregations of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus in the cell body of a neuron. They synthesize neurotransmitters.
27
Neurofibril
are intermediate filaments (part of cytoskeletal proteins) that provide the neuron its shape and support.
28
Lipofusion
age-related yellowish-brown granules that accumulate within the neurons as they age
29
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheaths found between two adjacent segments along the axon
30
Myelin sheath
fatty lipid and protein structure that surround the axon to provide protection and insulation. In the CNS, they are made by the oligodendrocytes while in the PNS, they are made by the Schwann cells
31
Axon terminals
are the several fine terminal branches of the axon or the axon collaterals
32
Synaptic end bulbs
are the button-shaped or bulb-like swelling at the end of the axon terminals that contain synaptic vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters.
33
Synaptic vesicles
are sac-like structures that contain neurotransmitters in the synaptic end bulb. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles results in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
34
Neurotransmitters
are the chemical messengers released by the neurons that are used in chemical communication with the nervous system and with other body systems
35
AP or GP production depends on
existence of resting membrane potential and certain ion channels
36
Sodium potassium pump restores
membrane potential to resting membrane potential
37
Graded Potential
Allows communication over short distances only. Dendrite or cell body.
38
Action Potential
Allows communication over short and long distances. Only in the axons
39
3 sodium goes out of neuron and brings
2 potassium in at the expense of 1 ATP
40
What factor affects the speed of impulse of conduction in a nerve fiber?
Myelin sheath
Diameter
Temperature
41
Neuroglia
supports the cells that nourish, protect, or myelinate the neurons
Not electrically excitable
Make up ½ the volume of the nervous system; 1:50 ratio (neuron:neuroglia)
Can multiply/divide
Forms scar tissue - stroma cells
6 kinds total (4 = CNS, 2 = PNS)
42
Astrocytes
*most numerous. Responsible for providing support, nourishing neurons, and protecting neurons from noxious chemicals by way of forming blood-brain-barrier
43
Oligodendrocytes
responsible for myelinating CNS axons only
44
Microglia
phagocytic cells of the CNS that clear the cellular debris
45
Ependymal cells
blood brain barrier. Specialized neuroglia found lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord and creates a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
46
Schwann cells
responsible for myelinating PNS axons (nerve fibers); play an important role in PNS axonal regeneration
47
Satellite cells
flat neuroglia that surrounds the cell bodies of PNS neurons providing support and involved in nutrient and waste exchange as well
48
Epineurium
covers entire nerve
49
Perineurium
covers fascicle
50
Endoneurium
covers cell
51
Blood functions
Transports
Regulates homeostasis
Protects
52
Erythropoietin
hormone released into kidneys when our body experiences hypoxia (low oxygen).
53
Hematopoiesis
process of formation of all elements of the blood (in the red bone marrow)
54
Blood Plasma(55%) (ECM of blood)
Proteins(7%), Water(91.5%), Other solutes(1.5%)
55
Proteins(7%)
Albumins(54%), Globulins(38%), Fibrinogen(7%), Others(1%)
56
Formed Elements(45%)
Platelets(150,000-400,000), White Blood Cells(5000-10,000), Red Blood Cells(4.8-5.4 million)
57
Platelets & White Blood Cells
Neutrophils(60-70%)
58
Red Blood Cells (most abundant)
Lymphocytes(20-25%), Monocytes(3-8%), Eosinophils(2-4%), Basophils(0.5-1%)
59
What constitutes formed elements?
cells or cell fragments that are formed in the red bone marrow, they include the erythrocytes (RBC’s), leukocytes (WBC’s) and thrombocytes
60
cellular fragments
formed from a large cell in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Thrombo = clot)
61
Most numerous formed element
erythrocyte (RBC’s)
62
Has a nucleus
leukocytes
63
Lymphocytes
(20-40% of your WBC’s): able to live for years while most other blood cells live for hours, days, or weeks
64
Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
The process of producing blood cells
65
The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are
specialized and are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood coming into the kidney. These cells release erythropoietin when the oxygen level is low in the kidney (AKA cellular hypoxia)
66
Plasma
contains proteins, fibrinogen (proteins, water, other solutes) – centrifuging whole blood in a test-tube
67
Serum
is plasma minus fibrinogen
68
Leukocytes
white blood cells
**Contain nucleus
69
Granular
containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained
70
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
71
Agranular
containing no granules
72
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
73
Most abundant WBC
neutrophils
74
Largest WBC
monocytes
75
Which are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages), eosinophils
76
Most abundant to least
Neutrophils → Lymphocytes → Monocytes → Eosinophils → Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
77
Neutrophil
Attracted to neutral dyes
Most numerous 60-70%
First to reach site of inflammation
78
Lymphocyte
Two types = T cells or B cells (modified B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and immunoglobulins)
Important in immunity
79
Monocyte
Largest WBC
Bean/kidney shaped nucleus
Seen in chronic infections and inflammation
80
Eosinophil
Eosin is an acidic dye, cells are attached to this stain; cytoplasm will stain orange/pink
Many coarse granules in the cytoplasm
More abundant during allergic reaction to intra cellular parasite (child who has worms)
81
Basophil
Attracted to stain or dye
Cytoplasm will stain blue/purple
Many coarse granules in cytoplasm
Contain biogenic amines such as histamines - vasodilation
Released during allergies (hives, hay fever etc
82
Which WBC’s are phagocytic?
Monocytes (macrophages)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
83
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, lifespan is approximately 120 days maximum.
84
Anemia
RBC ↓ lacking healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues
85
Polycythemia
RBC ↑ Less plasma, thick soup like
bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots, cold extremities.
86
Leukocytosis
↑ is an elevation in the absolute WBC count (>10,000 cells/μL).
87
Leukopenia
↓ is a reduction in the WBC count (<3500 cells/μL).
88
Plasma Cell
A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody.
Produces antibodies - only protein in plasma that’s not made in the liver
Modified B lymphocyte that makes antibodies
89
Hemostasis
Stopping of flow of blood/bleeding involves three basic steps:
vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation
90
Coagulation
clotting factors promote the formation of fibrin clot
91
Hemophilia
missing coagulation factor
92
Type A compatibility
A, O
93
Type B compatibility
B, O
94
Type AB compatibility
A, B, AB, O
95
Type O compatibility
O
