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AP 1 > Chapter 6 Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

organ made up of several different tissues (bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose, and nervous tissue) working together

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2
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Provides support
  2. Protects the internal organs (brain, heart,
    etc.)
  3. Assists body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
  4. Mineral homeostasis - stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
  5. Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis)
  6. Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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3
Q

A long bone consists of

A

❑ Diaphysis
❑ 2 epiphyses
❑ 2 metaphyses
❑ Articular cartilage covering both epiphyses
❑ Periosteum
❑ Medullary cavity
❑ Endosteum

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4
Q

Bone contains an abundant

A

extracellular matrix

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5
Q

extracellular matrix

A

15% water, 30% collagen, and 55% crystalized mineral salts

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6
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other types of cells
Develops into an osteoblast

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7
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells that secrete matrix
Forms bone extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
Maintains bone tissue

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

remodel bones and cause them to release calcium
Functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix

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10
Q

Compact bone

A

good at providing protection and support

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11
Q

Spongy bone

A

lightweight and provides tissue support

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12
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

enter the diaphysis through Volkmann’s canals. They are accompanied by periosteal veins

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13
Q

nutrient artery

A

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal

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14
Q

The metaphyses and epiphyses also have their own

A

arteries and veins

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15
Q

Ossification

A

process of bone formation

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16
Q

Bones form in 4 situations

A

❑ During embryological and fetal development
❑ When bones grow before adulthood
❑ When bones remodel
❑ When fractures heal

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17
Q

Ossification takes place in 2 forms

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

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18
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in

A

flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

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19
Q

Endochondral ossification replaces

A

cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus

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20
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs in

A

epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

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21
Q

Bones thicken - thanks to

A

the cooperative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

22
Q

As osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer surface, osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity from within

23
Q

Bones store 99% of the body’s

24
Q

The parathyroid gland secretes _______ when calcium levels drop

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

25
Osteoclasts are stimulated to increase
bone resorption and calcium is released
26
PTH also stimulates the production of _______ by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines
calcitriol
27
Calcitonin (CT)
secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland when calcium levels increase above normal
28
Osteoblasts deposit calcium in the extracellular matrix by
inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts
29
CT is an antagonist of PTH and vice versa
True
30
Calcium and phosphorus make
bone extracellular matrix hard
31
Magnesium
Helps form bone extracellular matrix
32
Fluoride
Helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix.
33
Manganese
Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix
34
Vitamin A
Needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses.
35
Vitamin C
Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of broken bones
36
Vitamin D
Active form (calcitriol) is produced by the kidneys; helps build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract into blood; deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows down bone growth; may reduce the risk of osteoporosis but is toxic if taken in high doses. People who have minimal exposure to ultraviolet rays or do not take vitamin D supplements may not have sufficient vitamin D to absorb calcium. This interferes with calcium metabolism.
37
Vitamins K and B12
Needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density.
38
Growth hormone (GH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating production of insulin-like growth factors
39
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
Secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone.
40
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts.
41
Insulin
Secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins.
42
Sex hormones (Estrogen and testosterone)
Secreted by the ovaries in women (estrogens) and by the testes in men (testosterone); stimulate osteoblasts and promote the sudden "growth spurt" that occurs during the teenage years; shut down growth at the epiphyseal plates around age 18-21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end; contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone resorption by osteoclasts and promoting bone deposition by osteoblasts.
43
Exercise
Weight-bearing activities stimulate osteoblasts and, consequently, help build thicker, stronger bones and retard loss of bone mass that occurs as people age.
44
Aging
As the level of sex hormones diminishes during middle age to older adulthood, especially in women after menopause, bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
45
Diaphysis
Bone shaft
46
2 epiphyses
Both ends of the bone at the joints
47
2 metaphyses
Region between diaphysis and epiphysis
48
Articular cartilage
Covers both epiphyses
49
Periosteum
Connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis
50
Medullary cavity
Hollow space within diaphysis
51
Endosteum
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

AP 1 (24 decks)

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