Chapter 2

Question 1

Innate immune system

Answer 1

Act immediately when a host is attacked by a pathogen (non specific)
External and internal defense

Question 2

Phagocytosis

Answer 2

Destruction of foreign cells by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils and other cells

Question 3

External defense system

Answer 3

Physical, chemical and biological barriers that prevent . pathogens from entering the body

Question 4

Skin

Answer 4

Physical barrier to pathogen entry
Secretions discourage microbial growth

Question 5

Epidermis

Answer 5

Tightly packed epithelial cells coated in keratin

Question 6

Dermis

Answer 6

Connective tissue w/ blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and WBCs ( macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

Question 7

Skin secretions

Answer 7

Lactic acid and fatty acids keep skin ph at 5.6
Proteins w/ antibacterial effects

Question 8

Mucous membranes

Answer 8

Lines respirator, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
Physical barrier
Surfactants block back from adhering to epithelial cells

Question 9

Respiratory tract

Answer 9

Cilia in nasopharyngeal passages clear deposited material
Laughing and sneezing removes pathogens

Question 10

Digestive tract

Answer 10

Hydrochlonic acid keep tummy ph at 1
Lysozyme in saliva attacks cell walls of gram+ bacteria

Question 11

Genitourinary tract

Answer 11

Urine flushes out pathogens
Lactic acid keeps vagina ph at ~5

Question 12

Microbiota

Answer 12

Normal flora
Occupies niches so pathogens cannot

Question 13

Internal defense system

Answer 13

Composed of cells and soluble factors
Second line of defense is they make it past the external defenses

Question 14

Pattern recognition receptors (prrs)

Answer 14

Recognize molecules unique to infectious organisms (pamps)
Ex. TLRs, RLRs, CLRs, NLRs

Question 15

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Answer 15

Bind to microbial substances, activating cytokine and chemokine production
Enhance phagocytosis and triggers adaptive immunity

Question 16

Cell surface TLRs

Answer 16

1,2,4,5,6
Recognize extracellular microbial components

Question 17

Intracellular TLRs

Answer 17

3,7,8,9,10
Recognize viral and bacterial nucleic acids

Question 18

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

Answer 18

Binds to manna and beta-glucans in fungal cell walls to activate cytokine and chemokine

Question 19

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-l-like receptors (RLRs)

Answer 19

Recognizes RNA from RNA viruses and induce production of inflammatory cytokines/type 1 interferons

Question 20

NLRs

Answer 20

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors

Question 21

Acute-phase reactants

Answer 21

Soluble factors normally found in serum
Facilitate contact between microbes and phagocytes
Bind to and recycle important proteins and minerals during inflammation

Question 22

C-reactive protein

Answer 22

Acute phase reactant function: Opsonization, complement activation

Question 23

Serum amyloid A

Answer 23

Acute phase reactant function: activates monocytes and macrophages

Question 24

Alpha1-antitrypsin

Answer 24

Acute phase reactant function: Protease inhibitor

Question 25

Fibrinogen

Answer 25

Acute phase reactant function: clot formation

Question 26

Haptoglobin

Answer 26

Acute phase reactant function: binds hemoglobin

Question 27

Ceruloplasmin

Answer 27

Acute phase reactant function: binds copper and oxidizes iron

Question 28

Complement c3

Answer 28

Acute phase reactant function: opsonization and lysis

Question 29

inflammation

Answer 29

Body's overall reaction to injury or infection Signs and symptoms: redness (erythema), swelling (edema), heat, and pain

Question 30

Process of phagocytosis

Answer 30

1. Adherence 2. Engulfment 3. Formation of Phagosome 4. Granule contact 5. Formation of the phagolysosome 6. Digestion of microorganisms by hydrolytic enzymes 7. Excretion

Question 31

Major events in acute inflammation

Answer 31

1. Macrophages and mast cells release cytokines 2. Selections bind to leukocytes 3. Chemokine-included integrins firmly bind to endothelial cells 4. Diapedesis 5. Chemotaxis

Question 32

Oxidative burst

Answer 32

HMP Shunt converts NADP to NADPH; O2 is converted to O2-; O2- to H2O2 and OH-

Question 33

O2 independent pathway

Answer 33

PH of cell is altered leading to activation of lytic enzymes such as defensins

Question 34

Natural killer cells

Answer 34

Recognize altered structures on damaged cells and can eliminate them without prior exposure

Question 35

Innate lymphoid cells

Answer 35

Develop from CLP but do not express lymphoid markers Release immunoregulatory cytokines (interferon gamma)