Chapter 3

Question 1

Factors Influencing the Immune Response

Answer 1

Age
Overall wellness
Route of Inoculation
Dose
Genetic Predisposition

Question 2

How does age influence immune response

Answer 2

older individuals have a decreased response to antigenic stimulation
neonates have an underdeveloped immune
system

Question 3

What health and wellness factors can affect the immune response

Answer 3

fatigue
malnutrition
stress

Question 4

List the most common routes of inoculation

Answer 4

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Oral

Question 5

Immunogen

Answer 5

Substance capable of stimulating an adaptive immune response

Question 6

Antigen

Answer 6

A substance specifically recognized by the immune system. (All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)

Question 7

Traits of immunogens

Answer 7

Macromolecular size of at least 10,000 daltons
The more unrelated to the host, the more successful
Proteins are most effective (then polysaccharides)

Question 8

Epitopes

Answer 8

Part of immunogen recognized by lymphocytes

Question 9

Linear epitopes

Answer 9

sequential

Question 10

Conformational epitopes

Answer 10

folding of one or more chains

Question 11

Haptens

Answer 11

Small and nonimmunogenic by themselves
Create new antigenic determinants when combined with a carrier

Question 12

Adjuvants

Answer 12

Used in many vaccines to enhance the immune response
Stimulate innate immune receptors
Prevent antigen from diffusing away from inoculation site

Question 13

Autoantigens

Answer 13

Belong to host
Do not usually evoke immune response (if so, autoimmune disease)

Question 14

Alloantigens

Answer 14

From other members of the host’s species
(ex. in organ transplant gone wrong)

Question 15

Heteroantigen

Answer 15

From other species (animals, plants, or microbes)

Question 16

Heterophile antigens

Answer 16

exist in unrelated plants or animals by are identical to or closely related causing antibody cross reaction

Question 17

MHC

Answer 17

Major Histocompatibility Complex
Determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible, or recognized as foreign and rejected

Question 18

Class I MHC

Answer 18

Present endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, triggering a cytotoxic reaction

Question 19

Class II MHC

Answer 19

Present exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells (helper cells) for antibody production

Question 20

HLA Allele for Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 20

B27

Question 21

HLA Allele for Celiac Disease

Answer 21

DQ2
DQ8

Question 22

HLA Allele for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 22

DR4

Question 23

HLA Allele for Type 1Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 23

DQ8
DQ2