Exam Review

Question 1

Pasteur’s discovery of attenuated vaccines is based on what principle?

Answer 1

Attenuated pathogens are changes to become less virulent

Question 2

What WBC is capable of further differentiation in tissues?

Answer 2

Monocytes

Question 3

The cells that Metchnickoff first observed are associated with which phenomenon?

Answer 3

Innate Immunity

Question 4

Where are all undifferentiated lymphocytes made?

Answer 4

Bone marrow

Question 5

How do NK cells differ from T cells?

Answer 5

Only NK cells are able to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

Question 6

Which cell is the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue?

Answer 6

dendritic cell

Question 7

The ability of an individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions is called

Answer 7

innate immunity

Question 8

A cell characterized by a nucleus with two to five lobes, diameter of 10 to 15 um, and a large number of neutral-staining granules is identified as a

Answer 8

neutrophil

Question 9

Name a primary lymphoid organ

Answer 9

Thymus

Question 10

What type of cells would be found in a primary follicle?

Answer 10

Unstimulated B cells

Question 11

What is a distinguishing feature of B cells?

Answer 11

Presence of surface antibodies

Question 12

Where do lymphocytes mainly come in contact with antigens?

Answer 12

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Question 13

What surface marker is found on T helper cells?

Answer 13

CD4

Question 14

What best characterizes adaptive immunity?

Answer 14

Specificity for each individual pathogen

Question 15

The main function of T cells in the immune response is to

Answer 15

produce cytokines that regulate both innate and adaptive immunity

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of antibodies?

Answer 16

neutralization of bacterial toxins

Question 17

immunity can be defined as

Answer 17

the condition of being resistant to disease

Question 18

A blood cell that has reddish-staining granules and is able to kill large parasites describes

Answer 18

eosinophils

Question 19

Describe a lymph node

Answer 19

it collects fluid from the tissues

Question 20

Antigenic groups identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes

Answer 20

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

Question 21

The scientist known for his use of attenuated vaccines and as the father of immunology

Answer 21

Louis Pasteur

Question 22

The field of immunology can be credited for its contributions to the development of

Answer 22

vaccines

Question 23

A patient with antibodies in their serum to a particular virus has activated with immune cells

Answer 23

B Lymphocytes

Question 24

List two means by which attenuation of a pathogen can take place

Answer 24

Heat and Chemical

Question 25

Phagocytosis is appropriately categorized into

Answer 25

innate immunity

Question 26

What phagocytic cell has a similar morphology to nerve cells

Answer 26

dendritic cells

Question 27

Macrophages play a key role in adaptive immunity through what function?

Answer 27

Presenting phagocytosed microbes to T lymphocytes

Question 28

A patient with a viral infection that has initiated their cell-mediated immunity might have an increased number of what leukocytes in their peripheral blood?

Answer 28

Lymphocytes

Question 29

What cells can phagocytize foreign microbes?

Answer 29

Innate cells (Ex. Macrophages)

Question 30

The two primary lymphoid organs

Answer 30

Thymus and Bone marrow

Question 31

List two of the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 31

spleen and lymph nodes

Question 32

The enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foreign particles with serum proteins is called

Answer 32

opsonization

Question 33

What plays an important role as an external defense mechanism

Answer 33

lysozymes

Question 34

The process of inflammation is characterized by

Answer 34

increased blood supply to the area migration of WBCs increase of acute-phase reactants increased capillary permeability

Question 35

Skin, lactic acid secretions, stomach acidity, and the motion of cilia represent what type of immunity?

Answer 35

innate immunity

Question 36

The structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell is called a

Answer 36

phagolysosome

Question 37

The presence of human microbiota acts as a defense mechanism by what method?

Answer 37

Competing with potential pathogens

Question 38

Measurement of CRP levels can be used for

Answer 38

Monitoring drug therapy with anti-inflammatory agents tracking the progress of an organ transplant determining active phases of rheumatoid arthritis

Question 39

Pattern recognition receptors act by

Answer 39

recognizing molecules that are unique to pathogens

Question 40

Characteristics of acute-phase reactants

Answer 40

Rapid increase following infection Enhancement of phagocytosis Nonspecific indicators of inflammation

Question 41

What is he most potent agent formed in the phagolysosome for the elimination of microorganisms?

Answer 41

Hypochlorite ions

Question 42

What acute-phase reactant helps to prevent the formation of peroxides and free radicals that may damage tissues?

Answer 42

Haptoglobin

Question 43

Describe TLRs

Answer 43

They enhance phagocytosis

Question 44

The action of CRP can be distinguished from that of an antibody because

Answer 44

CRP acts before the antibody appears

Question 45

How does innate immunity differ from adaptive immunity?

Answer 45

innate immunity depends upon normally present body functions

Question 46

A 40-year old male who is a smoker develops symptoms of premature emphysema. The symptoms may be caused by a deficiency of which of the following acute-phase reactants?

Answer 46

Alpha1-antitrypsin

Question 47

Describe NK cells

Answer 47

They are able to kill target cells without previous exposure to them

Question 48

Characteristics of an effective immunogen

Answer 48

internal complexity large molecular weight the presence of numerous epitopes

Question 49

Describe a hapten

Answer 49

immunogenic only when coupled to a carrier