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chapter 2 Flashcards

prenatal development, fetal learning, hazards to development (67 cards)

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1
Q

epigenesis

A

the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

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2
Q

gametes

A

reproductive, germ cells (egg and sperm) that contain only 1/2 the genetic material of all the other cells in the body

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3
Q

meiosis

A

a form of cell division in which the egg and sperm receive only one member from each other 23 chromosome pairs contained in all other cells of the body
- gametes are produced through this

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4
Q

conception

A

the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father

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5
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell

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6
Q

embryo

A

the developing organism from the third to eighth week of prenatal development

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7
Q

fetus

A

the developing organism from the ninth week to brith

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8
Q

types of twins

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins
identical (monozygotic) twins

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9
Q

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

twins that result when two eggs release in the fallopian tubes at the same time

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10
Q

identical (monozygotic) twins

A

twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote

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11
Q

hormones

A

sexual differentiation

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12
Q

neural tube

A

a groove in the top layer of the differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually forms the brain/spinal cord

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13
Q

amniotic sac

A

a transparent fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

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14
Q

umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

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15
Q

placenta

A

a support organ for the fetus
- exchange of materials
- oxygen/nutrients (mother to fetus)
- carbon dioxide/waste products (fetus to mother)

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16
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas father from the head

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17
Q

statistics on pregnant women

A

25-50% of women experience miscarriages
- high incidence of infertility as well

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18
Q

developmental process

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. death
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19
Q
  1. cell division
A

mitosis
- results in 2 identical cells
- 12 hours after conception, zygote splits into 2 equal parts
- 2 to 4 to 8 to 16
- continues over 38 weeks
- newborn = trillions of cells

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20
Q
  1. cell migration
A

the movement of newly formed cells away from the point of origin
- neurons travel to the outer reaches of the developing brain

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21
Q
  1. cell differentiation
A

embryonic stem cells
- can give rise to any of the more than 200 possible cells types in the human body

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22
Q
  1. death
A

apoptosis
- genetically programmed cell death

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23
Q

fetal experience and behavior

A

touch, sight, taste, smell, hearing

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24
Q

touch (fetal experience)

A

contact with parts of the body
- grasps umbilical cord
- rubs face; suck thumb

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25
sight (fetal experience)
minimal; can see light
26
taste (fetal experience)
can detect flavors in the amniotic fluid
27
smell (fetal experience)
amniotic fluid takes on oder from wha the mom eats - phylogenetic continuity
28
hearing (fetal experience)
responds to various sounds from at least six months
29
movement (fetal experience)
fetal movement starts 5-6 weeks after conception - hiccups/swallowing; limbs/fingers; respiratory readiness for breathing after birth
30
fetal learning
habituation vs dishabituation
31
habituation
a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated/continued stimulation (30 week gestation)
32
dishabituation
introduction of a NEW stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to repeated stimulus
33
high amplitude sucking
experimental study - after baby is born - when they suck, a sound played (pacifier hooked up to a machine) part 2 - reading to babies while in the womb - after baby is born - sucking = book being read - babies who listened to cat in thee cat in the womb, sucked the pacifier more than the group of babies who didn't listen to it
34
teratogen
environmental agent - ex: mornidine led to abnormalities in children (arms/legs)
35
dutch hunger winter - fetal programming
- women were pregnant during a famine in the Netherlands (Nazis blocked off all transport of food) - stress and under nutrition - exposure to famine in uterus had permanent effects - kids held on to more fat, thrifty genes - increased risk of heart disease, higher BMI when they got older
36
drugs that could be harmful to newborns
prescription drugs antidepressants opioids alcohol cigarettes marijuana
37
prescription drugs
doctor needs to monitor
38
antidepressants
7% of pregnant women take these
39
opioids
neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)
40
neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)
drugs pass to baby from placenta - after brith, baby suffers withdrawal
41
alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) dose response relation
42
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
small head/eye opening flat mid face, thin upper lip facial deformities
43
dose response relation
amount of intake varies results in infants
44
cigarettes
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
45
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
overheating causes irregular heartbeat
46
marijuana
worse 5 year outcomes
47
environmental pollutants
lead in drinking water - micro and non plastics target organs
48
maternal factors (hazardous to child)
age nutrion disease virus maternal mental health
49
prenatal stress during pandemic
- no main effects - high stress and covid exposure = differences in 6 month attention - decrease in 6 month attentional processing = decrease socioemotional and increase in neurodevelopment risk
50
states
continuum of growth
51
sleep stages
awake, light sleep, deep sleep, rem sleep
52
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
active sleep state, characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed eyelids - dreaming
53
non-REM sleep
quiet or deep sleep state characterized by absence of motor activity or eye movement - more regular, slower brain waves, breathing, heart rate
54
crying
for attention, illness, hunger, etc - normal behavior - peak: 6-8 weeks decrease: 3-4 months
55
soothing
cooling crying baby swaddling
56
swaddling
a soothing technique, used in many cultures; wrapping baby tightly
57
response to stress options and outcomes
1. quick response to crying = less crying months later 2. ignoring crying = less crying weeks later
58
colic
excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason - 1/10 infants - ends around 3 months - no long term effects
59
infant mortality
death during the first year after birth
60
low birth weight (LBW)
less than 5.5 pounds high level of medical complications and developmental delays
61
very low birth weight (VLBW)
less than 3.3 pounds
62
premature (preterm) babies
born before 37 weeks small for gestational age
63
long term outcomes at birth
special services and additional support may be important
64
intervention factors
kangaroo care (skin to skin) breast milk CCC (cuddled, caressed, carried) educational programs
65
multiple risk models
range from attachment of language development to well-being
66
poverty as a developmental hazard
multiple risks strongly related to lower SES --> structural racism
67
resilience
when an infant develops successfully even with hazards such as low birth weight, poverty, or other teratogens

dev psych exam 1 (6 decks)

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