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dev psych exam 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

genetics; brain/body development (71 cards)

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1
Q

genome

A

the complete set of DNA of any organism, including all of its genes

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2
Q

genotype

A

the genetic material an individual inherits

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3
Q

phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype (body/behavioral characteristics)

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4
Q

environment

A

every aspect of individuals and their surroundings other than genes

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5
Q
  1. parents’ genotypes – child’s genotype
A

involves the trans motion of genetic material from parent to offspring

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

46 chromosomes –> 23 pairs –> each pair carries genes of same type
- genetic diversity and individual differences

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7
Q

DNA

A

molecules that carry all of the biochemical instructions involved in tithe formation / functioning of an organism

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8
Q

genes

A

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

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9
Q

random assignment

A

egg and sperm formation is always random

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10
Q

crossing over

A

the process which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other
- variability

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11
Q

mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA
- ex causes: radiation, infection, chemical exposure

4 types: substitution, deletion, insertion, inversions

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12
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes (X and Y) that determine sex at birth

female: XX
male: XY

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13
Q
  1. child’s genotype – child’s phenotype
A

relation between one’s genotype and one’s phenotype

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14
Q

endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous system, that do not involve overt behavior

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15
Q

regulator genes

A

genes that control the activity of other genes
- switch on/off genes

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16
Q

alleles

A

2 or more different forms of a gene

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17
Q

dominant allele

A

if present, gets expressed

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18
Q

recessive allele

A

not expressed if dominant allele is present

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19
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 of the same allele for a trait

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20
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance pattern in which traits are governed by more than one gene

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21
Q
  1. child’s environment – child’s phenotype
A

impact of the environment on the child’s phenotype

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22
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a disorder related to defensive recessive gene on chromosome 12 of the amino acid phenylalanine

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23
Q

gene environment interaction

A

situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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24
Q

parent contribution to child’s environment

A

parents’ genes affect their phenotypes (and thereby influence the family environment) and child outcomes

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25
genetic nurture
children's outcomes can be predicted by parental alleles that the child did not inherit
26
4. child's phenotype -- child's environment
restates active child theme as a source of their own development - children create their own environment by actively selecting surroundings and experiences that match their interests/personalities
27
5. child's environment -- child's genotype
the structure of the genetic code remains "fixed" during one's lifetime, the expression of the genetic code is altered
28
epigenetics
the study of stable changes in gene environment that are mediated by environment
29
DNA methylation
regulates the amount of protein predicted by a given one
30
family studies
examine extent to which a trait runs in families raised in same home
31
twin studies
compares MZ and DZ twins
32
adoption studies
examines extent to which adopted children resemble their adoptive vs biological families
33
heritability
extent to which genes contribute to differences in a trait across individuals - expressed as a percent - reflects environment in some way - not fixed; can be changed
34
important aspects about heritability
Heritability applies only to populations Heritability estimate applies only to a particular population living in a particular environment Heritability estimates reflect the environments of the populations of individuals they are derived Heritability estimates can change as a function of developmental factors High heritability does not imply immutability There is a high sampling bias in genetic studies (lack of diversity)
35
molecular genetics research designs
examines specific DNA sequences to identity mechanisms that link genes and behaviors
36
genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
link specific DNA segments with particular traits
37
genomes-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)
takes estimates of genetic resemblance across large groups of individuals
38
environmental effects
children in the same family do not necessarily share the same environment - effects of the environment are likely due to many experiences of small effects working together - harder to measure
39
neuron (function and parts)
used to communicate - cell body (soma) - dendrites - axons - axon terminals - synapse - astrocyte (glial cells)
40
cell body (soma)
manufactures new cell components
41
dendrites
receives input from other neurons
42
axons
sends messages to other neurons
43
axon terminals
synaptic vesicles (contains neurotransmitters for messaging)
44
synapse
when neurons communicate with one another - terminal: neurotransmitters travel space
45
astrocyte
glial cells - protects neurons - blood-brain barrier - respond to injury - form myelin sheath
46
cerebral cortex
80% of the brain - analyzes sensory information - 4 regions: occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe
47
occipital lobe
vision
48
temporal lobe
speech and language auditory information memory hippocampus
49
parietal lobe
sensory processiing perception primary sensory cortex
50
primary sensory cortex
initially processes sensory information and passes it to the association cortex
51
frontal lobe
executive function - motor - working memory - ability to plan - prefrontal cortex
52
cerebral lateralization
hemisphere are specialized for different models of processing
53
neurogenesis
creation of new neurons ini the adult brain
54
myelination
speeding up connections
55
synpatogensis
formation of new connections
56
pruning
elimination of synapse / neurons
57
plasticity
the brain's ability to change in response to experiences
58
experience-expectant plasticity
describes the role of general human experience in shaping brain development
59
experience-dependent plasticity
occurs when neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a result of experience
60
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
image created by measuring the release of energy from water in tissue after being exposed to a magnetic field
61
pros and cons of MRI
pros - high spatial resolution cons - low temporal resolution - indirect measure of brain activity
62
structural MRI to functiontional MRI is what to what?
brain anatomy to brain function
63
electroencephalograph (EEG)
HANS BERGER - developed this to measure electoral activity generated by the brain
64
pros and cons of EEG
pros - measures brain activity - high temporal resolution cons - low spatial resolution
65
near-infrared spectroscopy
neuroimaging technique
66
pros and cons of near-infrared spectroscopy
pros - allows for movement - high sampling rate cons - only look at cortical activity
67
secular trends
changes in physical development that have occurred over generations
68
infant feeding
some studies demonstrating links between breast feeding and higher IQ (not always)
69
development of food preferences
- preference for salt emerges around 4 months - children are exposed to associative learning
70
obesity
- 15% of teens in US in 2017 were obese - global issue - genetic and environmental
71
vaccines
- important in healthy physical development - operate on herd immunity

dev psych exam 1 (6 decks)

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