Chapter 2 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What is the charge of a proton?
A
Positive
2
Q
What is the charge of a neutron?
A
No charge
3
Q
What is the charge of an electron?
A
Negative
4
Q
Which two are in the nucleus?
A
Protons and neutrons
5
Q
Where are electrons located in an atom?
A
In the electron cloud
6
Q
What determines the atomic number?
A
Number of protons in the atom
7
Q
EXCEPT FOR IONS, what is the relationship between protons and electrons in an atom?
A
They are equal
8
Q
Hydrogen has 1 proton, how many electrons?
A
1 electron
9
Q
What is it called when neutrons are attracted to protons, causing them to stay near the nucleus of the atom?
A
Electrostatic Attraction
10
Q
What is a pure substance of atoms of one type?
A
Element
11
Q
What is different forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?
A
Isotopes
12
Q
What is the difference between an isotope and a regular atom?
A
Number of neutrons and mass
13
Q
What is mass number equal to?
A
Proton number
14
Q
What are unstable or reactive nuclei called?
A
Radioisotopes
15
Q
What explains the rate of radioactive decay?
A
Half Life
16
Q
What is the half life?
A
How long it takes for half of it to decay
17
Q
Half life is always..?
A
The same, despite starting amount
18
Q
What do radioisotopes emit?
A
subatomic particles
19
Q
What is fluorodeoxyglucose better known as?
A
Radioactive Glucose
20
Q
What is the point of radioactive glucose?
A
Find which cells take up the most glucose, can detect cancer
21
Q
What kind of atom is NOT electrically neutral?
A
Ions
22
Q
How many electrons fit in the first shell?
A
2
23
Q
How many electrons fit in the second and third shells?
A
8
24
Q
What is the outermost shell called, and what does it do?
A
Valence shell, determines reactivity
25
How reactive is an atom with 3 electrons?
Very reactive; first electron shell is filled, second is missing 7 electrons
26
What is an element with no chemical properties?
Intert element
27
What gases don't normally react?
Noble gases
28
What is it called when multiple atoms are held together by electron sharing?
Molecule
29
What is it called when multiple atoms of different elements are together?
Compound
30
Can a molecule be a compound?
Yes
31
Does a compound have to share electrons?
No
32
What is an atom with an electrical charge?
Ion
33
What is a positive ion called?
Cation
34
What is a negative ion called?
Anion
35
What gives an ion its charge?
Unequal protons and electrons
36
If an atom has 5 protons and 6 electrons, its charge is..
-1
37
If an atom has 12 protons and 11 electrons, its charge is..
+1
38
What does an electron donor do?
Loses one or more electrons, becomes a cation
39
What does an electron accepter do?
Gets a cation's donated electrons, becomes an anion
40
What does electron transfer create?
Ionic bond
41
What does electron sharing create?
Covalent bond
42
Which is stronger, ionic or covalent bond?
Covalent bond
43
What is the word for how much an atom wants electrons?
Electronegativity
44
What is an equal electron sharing called?
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
45
What is an unequal electron sharing called?
Polar Covalent Bond
46
What does a polar covalent bond cause?
Partial charge
47
Which atom in a polar covalent bond gets a partial negative charge?
The one with higher electronegativity
48
What does a decomposition reaction look like?
AB -> A + B
49
What does a synthesis reaction look like?
A + B -> AB
50
What does an exchange reaction look like?
AB + CD -> AC + BD
51
What does a reversible reaction look like?
A+B <-> AB
52
What determines pH?
Concentration of hydrogen ions
53
What pH is neutral?
7
54
What is an acidic pH?
Less than 7
55
What is a basic pH?
More than 7
56
What is the normal pH range of blood?
7.35 to 7.45
57
What is it called when blood pH is below 7.35?
Acidosis
58
What is it called when blood pH is above 7.45?
Alkilosis
59
What regulates pH?
Negative feedback of respiration and kidney function
60
What happens at a blood pH <7?
Coma
61
What happens at a blood pH >7.8?
Uncontrollable tremors
62
What is a macromolecule?
Large complex molecule
63
What are the four types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (fats), Protiens, Nucleic Acids (DNA + RNA)
64
What are macromolecules composed of?
Bonded monomers
65
How do momomers bond and break?
Bond through dehydration synthesis, break through hydrolysis
66
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
67
What is the formula for Glucose/Fructose?
C6H12O6
68
What is the difference between glucose and fructose?
Same formula, different arrangement/structure
69
What is it called when two compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structure?
Isomer
70
What makes sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
71
What do carbohydrates do for the body?
Provide energy
72
What is a polysaccharide?
Polymer of many monosaccharides bonded
73
What are starches?
Polysaccharides in plants made of glucose
74
Why is cellulose still important despite humans not being able to break it down?
Important source of fiber
75
What animals can break down cellulose?
Ruminants (cows, sheep, goats) and termites
76
What is the main storage polysaccharide in humans?
Glycogen
77
What cells make and store glycogen, and for what?
Muscle cells to use for when a lot of energy is neede
78
Where else is glycogen found and what does it do?
In the liver for blood glucose regulation
79
What are lipids composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen C:H 1:2
80
What is a hydrocarbon chain?
Chain found in lipids
81
What are the two monomers of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
82
What is a fatty acid?
A lipid momomer composed of long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end
83
What does a carboxyl group look like?
COOH
84
What is a saturated fatty acid?
Maximum hydrogen with no double bonds
85
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Double bonds to more carbon
86
What categorizes unsaturated fatty acids into monounsaturated, polyunsaturated?
How many double bonds to carbon are present
87
What makes a glyceride?
Glycerol and fatty acid bonded through dehydration synthesis
88
What determines the prefix of a glyceride (monoglyceride, diglyceride..)
How many fatty acids bond with glycerol
89
What does a triglyceride do for the body?
Energy source, insulation, protection of organs, lipid soluble vitamins
90
What is a steroid?
4 ringed structure of large lipid molecules
91
What is cholesterol and what does it do?
Steroid that helps plasma cell membranes and synthesis
92
What are some examples of sex/steroid hormones?
Estrogen, testosterone
93
What is a hormone?
Long-distance chemical signaler
94
What is a phospholipid?
Phosphate group bound to diglyceride
95
Where do you find a phospholipid bilayer?
In the cell wall/plasma membrane
96
How significant are protiens?
Most abundant, most important macromolecules in the human body
97
What is the momomer of protiens?
Amino acids
98
What does protien do for the body?
Structure, movement, muscle, oxygen transport, buffers to pH fluctuations, enzymes, hormones, defense/waterproof, antibodies
99
How many protien-building acids in the body?
20
100
What are amino acids made of?
Central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
101
What is a peptide bond?
Carboxyl group + amino group
102
What is a peptide?
Molecule composed of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
103
What determines the name of the peptide (dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide..)
How many amino acids are in it
104
What is a peptide with over 100 amino acids called?
Protien
105
What are the four levels of protiens?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
106
What is the primary level of a protien made of?
Amino acids
107
What is the secondary level of a protien made of?
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
108
What is important about the tertiary level of a protien?
Protien becomes folded and able to funtion
109
What is the tertiary level of a protien made of?
R groups interact with each other and water molecules
110
What is protien denaturation?
The unfolding of a protien
111
What is the quaternary level of a protien made of?
More than 1 polypeptide, every subunit has its own secondary and tertiary structures
112
Is quaternary level in all protiens?
No
113
What are nucleic acids made of?
Long chains of nucleotides
114
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
115
What are the nucleotides?
A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine), U (uracil)
116
Where is thymine found?
ONLY in DNA
117
Where is uracil found?
ONLY in RNA
118
A+G is
Double-ringed molecules called purines
119
C+T+U is
One-ring molecules called pyrimidines
120
A pairs with ... and G pairs with ...
T (U in RNA), C
121
What is RNA?
A single strand of nucleotides
122
What is a pentose sugar?
Ribose
123
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
124
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA
125
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA
126
How are DNA strands held together?
Hydrogen bonds
127
How many bands are in between A and T?
2
128
How many bands are in between G and C?
3
129
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
130
What are high-energy bonds?
Covalent bonds that release energy when broken
131
What is phosphorylation?
Attaching a phosphate group to another molecule
132
What is a nucleoside?
lacking a phosphate group
133
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate, 1 high-energy bond
134
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate, 2 high-energy bonds
135
What does the suffix -ase signify?
Enzyme
136
What is ATPase?
Enzyme that breaks ATP into ADP to release energy
