Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a group of specialized cells that perform specific functions?
A
Tissue
2
Q
What is the study of tissue called?
A
Histology
3
Q
What are the four main types of tissue?
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4
Q
What does epithelial tissue do?
A
Covers exposed surfaces, lines passages, forms glands
5
Q
What does connective tissue do?
A
Fills internal spaces, supports other tissue, transports materials, stores energy
6
Q
What does muscle tissue do?
A
Specializes in contraction
7
Q
What does nervous tissue do?
A
Carries info through body via electrical impulses
8
Q
Where are epithelial glands?
A
Surface of the skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary
9
Q
What do the epithelial glands do?
A
Physical protection from abrasions, dehydration, chemical and biological agents.. controls permeability, sensation, specialized secretions onto the epiderman surface
10
Q
What are the characteristics of epithelial glands?
A
polarity, structure/function difference between apical and basal surfaces, cellularity, attachment to basement membrane, diffusional absorption, regenerates damaged/detached epidermal cells
11
Q
What are stem cells?
A
Unspecialized general cells
12
Q
What does apical mean?
A
Exposed
13
Q
What does basal mean?
A
Attached
14
Q
What are small finger-like projections of the plasma membrane?
A
Microvilli
15
Q
What are small finger-like microtubules?
A
Cilia
16
Q
What do microvilli do?
A
Absorption and secretion
17
Q
What do cilia do?
A
Move fluids and secretions over epidermal surfaces
18
Q
What does the ciliated epithelium do?
A
Lines the respiratory tract, moves mucus
19
Q
What does mucus do?
A
Traps dust, pollen, and other foreign substances
20
Q
What are cells firmly attached to?
A
Basement membrane and each other
21
Q
What is a CAM?
A
Cell Adhesion Molecule
22
Q
What are CAMs and what do they do?
A
Transmembrane protiens, attach opposing plasma membrane and to extracellular material (can attach by proteoglycans), prevent water loss
23
Q
What is “intracellular cement” really called?
A
Proteoglycans
24
Q
What are the three types of cell junctions?
A
Gap, tight, lumen
25
What does the gap cell junction do?
Holds cells together via interlocking transmembrane protiens
26
What are connexions and what do they do?
Transmembrane protiens, allow small molecules and ions to move between cells, common among epitheleal cells and cardiac muscle tissue
27
What does the tight cell juction do?
Lipid portions of two plasma membranes bound via interlocking junctional protiens, prevents water and solutes from passing between cells
28
What does the adhesion belt do?
Forms band to encircle cells, binds to cells
29
What does the lumen cell junction do?
Space inside tubular structures (ER, small intestine) in small intestine to keep enzymes, acid, and wastes in the lumen
30
What do desmosomes?
CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes, dense area connected to cytoskeleton
31
What are the two types of desmosomes?
Spot and hemi
32
What are spot desmosomes?
Small discs connected to intermediate filaments
33
What are hemi desmosomes?
Resemble half of a spot desmosome, attach cells to basement membrane
34
How is epithelia classed?
By number of layers and cell shape
35
Epithelium is thin and flat.
Squamous
36
Epithelium is like little boxes.
Cuboidal
37
Epithelium is tall and slender.
Columnar
38
Epithelium has only one layer.
Simple
39
Epithelium has multiple layers.
Stratified
40
What do simple epithelia do?
Thin and fragile, so they handle secretion and absorption
41
What do squamous epithelial cells look like?
Irregular in shape
42
Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?
Alveoli, heart, blood vessels (reduces friction, in slick areas)
43
What are simple squamous epithelial cells called in the heart and blood vessels?
Endothelium
44
What are simple squamous epithelial cells called in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?
Mesothelium
45
What is the purpose of stratified squamous epithelial cells and where are they found?
Handle severe mechanical stresses, surface of skin and lining of mouth
46
What is the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Superficial layers of epithelial cells packed with keratin filaments in exposed body surfaces
47
Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Epidermis
48
What is keratin?
Protien that is tough, flexible, and water resistant
49
What does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium do and where is it found?
Resists abrasion and must be kept moist, esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina
50
What does cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?
Hexagonal boxes
51
What does simple cuboidal epithelial tissue do, and where is it found?
Limited protection, in glands and kidneys
52
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelial found?
Rare, in sweat glands, mammary glands
53
Where is transitional stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue and what does it do?
Looks cuboidal between stretched, can look squamous, tolerates repeated cycles of stretching, in urinary bladder
54
What does simple columnar epithelial cells do and where are they found?
Absorbs and secretes, found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine
55
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue and where is it found?
Appears layered but all cells are attached to the basement membrane, several types of cells of varying shape and function, cilla, in the nasal, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive ducts
56
Where is stratified columnar epithelial found?
Rare, in the pharunx, epiglottus, anus, urethra
57
What is the epiglottus?
Controls whether you use your esophagus or trachea
58
What are glands?
Collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions
59
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine
60
What do endocrine glands do, and what are some?
Release hormones into bloodstream for distribution (ductless), thyroid, thymus, pituitary
61
What do exocrine glands do, and what are some?
Release secretions onto epidermis surface like perspiration, tears, milk (sweat glands, tear ducts, mammary glands)
62
What is connective tissue?
Matrix composed of extracellular protien fibers, specialized cells, and ground substance fluid, composes most tissue, surrounds cells
63
What are some functions of connective tissue?
Structural framework of the body, transport fluids, dissolve matierals, protect organs, support, surround, and interconnect other types, store energy, defend body from pathogens
64
What kind of tissue are triglycerides stored in?
Connective tissue
65
What is connective tissue proper?
Viscous ground substance with many types of cells and extracellular fibers, spil into two
66
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense
67
What is fluid connective tissue?
Watery matrix with dissolved protiens and populations of suspended cells (blood and lymph)
68
What is supporting connective tissue?
Matrixes are densely packed with extracellular fibers (cartilage, bone)
69
What are fibroblasts and what do they do?
Always present, most abundant fixed cells, secrete hyaluronan, secrete protien subunits that make large extracellular fibers, produce collagen, elastic fibers, reticular
70
What is hyaluronan?
Polysaccharide derived from ground substance
71
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells, contain a single enormous lipid droplet, number varies among connective tissue types, body regions, individuals
72
What are mesenchymal?
Stem cells respond to injury or infection by dividing into two daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts and microphages, or other connective tissue cells
73
What are melanocytes?
Synthesize and store brown pigment melanin, has a major role in determining skin, eye, and hair color
74
What are macrophages?
Large eating cells of immune system that engulf bad stuff and release cytokines that activate immune system to recruit more microphages
75
What is cytokines?
A help alert from macrophages to signal others to come in and fight a problem
76
What are the two types of macrophages?
Fixed and free
77
What do fixed macrophages do?
Stay in one tissue
78
What do free macrophages do?
Roam tissue and come to help with fixed
79
What is a mast cell?
Immune cell that releases histamine and heparin
80
What does histamine do?
Stimulates inflammation
81
What does heparin do?
Anticoagulant that enhances blood flow during inflammation
82
What are lymphocytes?
Immune cells that migrate and can develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies
83
What is a collagen fiber?
Most common, long, straight, unbranched, very strong and flexible
84
What are tendons?
Collagen fibers that connect skeletal muscle to bone
85
What are ligaments?
Collagen fibers that connect bone to bone
86
What is reticular fibers?
Form branching interwoven framework that is tough and flexible despite being thinner, stabilize positions of parenchyma, blood vessels, organs, nerves, and structures of organs
87
What is parenchyma?
Functional cells
88
What is elastic fibers?
Branched, wavy fibers that return to original length after stretching, relatively rare elastic ligaments, in vertebreal column, made of elastin
89
What is the epidermis?
Top layer of skin
90
What is the dermis?
Middle layer of skin
91
What is the subcutaneous layer?
Not-real layer of skin that holds adipose tissue (fat)
92
What does the sebaceous gland do?
Produces sebum
93
What is the hair root?
Part of hair in the skin
94
What is the hair shaft?
The part of the hair that's visible
95
What does the arrector pili muscle do?
Makes the hair stand up (goosebumps)
96
What does a sweat pore do?
Lets sweat leave the body onto the skin
97
What does the outer root sheath do?
Protects follicle from the outside
98
What does the inner root sheath do?
Protects follicle from the inside
99
What is adipose tissue?
Fat cells/tissue
100
What does the sweat gland do?
Produces perspiration
101
What is the stratum basale?
Deepest layer, stem cell layer
102
What is the stratum spinosum?
Where cells get flat and make keratin
103
What is the stratum granulosum?
Dead skin, keratin granules
104
What is the stratum corneum?
Very top, dead skin
105
What does a vein do?
Carries blood from the heart
106
What does an artery do?
Carries blood back to the heart
107
What does the sensory nerves do?
Provides sensation in skin
108
What does the hair bulb do?
Originates the hair
109
What is the free edge of the nail?
The part of the nail that isn't surrounded
110
What is the nail body?
The nail that's visible
111
What is the eronychium?
"Cuticle"
112
What is the lateral nail fold?
Side of the nail
113
What is the lunula?
Air-exposed part fo the nail, white crescent shape
114
What is the proximal nail fold?
Over the bottom of the nail
115
What is the nail root?
Where the nail originates from
116
What is the phalanx?
Finger bone
117
