Chapter 2

Question 1

Dendrites

Answer 1

Receive information from other nuerons, pre synaptic nuerons or the environment.

Question 2

Soma

Answer 2

cell body of the neuron , contains the nucleus and sustains the life of the neuron.

Question 3

Axon Hillock

Answer 3

triangular shaped portion of the nueron cell body that serves as an origin from which the axon extends .

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

portion of the nerve cell (neuron) that carries impulses away from the cell body.

Question 5

Myelin Sheath

Answer 5

a protective membrane that wraps around the part of the neuron cell that carries impulses. Affects how fast signals travel.

Question 6

Axon Terminal

Answer 6

the ends of axons, where the signal is transmitted via nuerotransmitters into the synapse.

Question 7

Nuerotransmitters

Answer 7

are chemical messengers that are released by the terminal buttons of an axon by the arrival of a nueral impulse and carry the message across the synapse.

Question 8

Reuptake

Answer 8

the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the transmitting nuerons. Other neurotranmitters may be broken down by enzymes.

Question 9

Dopamine

Answer 9

neurotransmitter involved in movement, processes of learning, feelings of pleasure or well being, and social bonding.

Question 10

Endorphins

Answer 10

inhibitory neurotransmitters that have pain-killing and pleasure-inducing effects.

Question 11

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 11

neurotransmitter involved in muscle action, learning, memory, REM sleep, emotion.

Question 12

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 12

Emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolisim of glucose necessary for energy release.

Question 13

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Answer 13

nueral inhibition in the central nervous system; tranqulizing drugs like Valium, increase GABA’s inhibitory effects and therby decrease anxiety.

Question 14

Norepinephrine (NE) or (NA)

Answer 14

Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress; low levels of NE associated with depression; high level linked to agitated manic states

Question 15

Serotonin

Answer 15

Mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and impulsivity; low levels associated with depression

Question 16

Antogonists

Answer 16

drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites.

Question 17

Agonists

Answer 17

increase the availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters or mimic their actions when binding to the receptor sites.

Question 18

Amphetamines

Answer 18

cocaine, stronger stimulants, are agonists that increase the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake.

Question 19

Antidepressants

Answer 19

drugs used to treat depression by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 20

SSRIs

Answer 20

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, used to treat depression

Question 21

The Nervous System

Answer 21

The major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body.

Question 22

Central Nervous System

Answer 22

The body’s master control unit, contains the spinal cord and brain.

Question 23

Spinal Cord

Answer 23

a column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system.

Question 24

Brain

Answer 24

divied into 3 major parts, the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

Question 25

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 25

Consists of nerves and ganglia which are outside of the brain and spinal cord. Connects the spinal cord and brain with the sensory organs, muscles and glands.

Question 26

The Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 26

regulates involutary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion, and pupil contraction; operates automatically without concious direction.

Question 27

The Somatic Nervous System

Answer 27

Carries sensory information from sensory organs the central nervous (CNS) and relays motor (movement) commands to muscles; controls voluntary movements

Question 28

Sypathetic Nervous System

Answer 28

Mobilizes bodily resources in response to threat by speeding up heart rate and respiration and drawing stored energy from bodily reserves

Question 29

Parasymathetic Nervous System

Answer 29

Replenishes bodily resources by prompting digestion and slowing down other bodily processes.

Question 30

Endocrine system

Answer 30

a series of glands that produce hormones and functions in regulating all activities in the body.

Question 31

Glands of the endocrine system

Answer 31

pineal hypothalamus pituitary thyroid adrenals pancreas ovaries(female) testes(male)

Question 32

Pituitary

Answer 32

Function: Growth Hormone (stimulates growth, especially of bones) ACTH (stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortical steroids) Oxytocin (stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and release of milk after birth)

Question 33

Hypothalamus

Answer 33

Function: Stimulate the pituitary gland to release other hormones, including growth hormone

Question 34

Pineal Gland

Answer 34

releases melatonin, regulates wake-sleep cycles.

Question 35

Pancreas

Answer 35

hormone: insulin facilitates entry of blood glucose into cells; involved in regulation of blood sugar

Question 36

Thyroid Gland

Answer 36

involved in regulating metabolic rate, growth, and maturation

Question 37

Adrenal Glands

Answer 37

Hormone: cortical steroids, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine Helps the body cope with stress, promotes muscle development, stimulate the liver to release stores of sugar, speeds up bodily processes like heart rate and breathing rate.

Question 38

Ovaries

Answer 38

Hormone: Estrogen and Progesterone Fosters female sexual maturation; helps regulate the menstual cycle

Question 39

Testes

Answer 39

Hormone: testosterone promotes sperm production; fosters male sexual differentiation during prenatal development; stokes sexual maturation in pubertal males.

Question 40

Homeostasis

Answer 40

One of the important functin of the endocrine system is homeostasis

Question 41

Most common type of nueron found in the body

Answer 41

Multipolar (Motor) nuerons

Question 42

Depolarization

Answer 42

a positive shift in the eletrical charge in a nuerons resting potential, causing it to be less negitivily charged.