Chapter 5

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

is the process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response identical or similar to one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as a result of the pairing or association of the two stimuli.

Question 2

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 2

an unlearned response to stimulus.

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response

Question 4

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response

Question 5

condtioned response (CR)

Answer 5

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

extinction

Answer 7

the gradual weakening and eventual disappearence of a conditioned response

Question 8

spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

the spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

the tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Question 10

conditoned emotional reaction (CER)

Answer 10

an emotional respnse to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning

Question 11

stimulus discrimination

Answer 11

the tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 12

phobias

Answer 12

excessive fears of particular objects or situations

Question 13

behavior therapy

Answer 13

a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning

Question 14

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 14

an aversion to a particular food or beverage acquired through classical conditioning

Question 15

Thorndike Law of Effect

Answer 15

principle that that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely recur.

Question 16

Operant conditioning

Answer 16

the process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 17

Skinner box

Question 18

B. F. Skinner

Answer 18

used a skinner box to study relationships between reinforcement and behavior

Question 19

operant response

Answer 19

a response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

the strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs.

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

the strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs

Question 23

punishment

Answer 23

the introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

an aversive stimulus is imposed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior, which over time tends to reduce the frequency of the behavior.

Question 25

negative punishment

Answer 25

a reinforcing stimulus is removed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior, which over time tends to reduce the frequency of the undesirable behavior.

Question 26

observational learning

Answer 26

learning by observing an imitating the behavior of others

Question 27

Ivan Pavlov