Chapter 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are DRIs?
Dietary Reference Intakes. Reference values that are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Variants of DRIs in other countries
What are the main objectives of DRIs?
(1) Prevent Deficiency Diseases: Amount of a nutrient needed to prevent the deficiency diseases in healthy people
(2) Reduce Risk of Chronic Diseases: Amount of a nutrient needed to reduce the risk of developing diet-related chronic diseases
(3) Safety Supplement Use and Fortification: Upper safety level for nutrient intake
In DRIs, what is meant by EAR?
Estimated Average Requirement. Nutrient requirement that meets the needs of 50% of the population. Is a requirement NOT a recommendation
In DRIs, what is meant by RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance. RDA is the gold standard in DRIs as it is a nutrient requirement that meets the needs of 98% of the population in a life stage or gender group. Calculated as EAR*X = RDA
In DRIs, what is meant by AI?
Adequate Intake. Based on intakes of a healthy group of people in a particular life stage and gender group. Situated between the RDA and UL.
In DRIs, what is meant by UL?
Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Maximum safe intake before toxicity.
What DRIs are used for Energy and Macronutrients?
Estimated Energy Requirements (EER), Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). Intakes are different because they are highly conservative compared to RDA and AI
Explain EER
Estimated Energy Requirements. Represents the number of calories that maintain energy balance in a healthy person. Individualized estimate (not done by life stages).
Calculated through:
(1) Physical Activity Estimate (PA)
(2) Height in Meters (HT)
(3) Weight in kg (WT)
(4) Age in years (AGE)
(5) GENDER
Explain AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. Ranges of intakes for the energy-yielding nutrients that provide adequate energy & nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Applies to ALL healthy people.
Recommended Energy Intake: Carbs (45-65%), Fat (20-35%), Protein (10-35%)
Nutrition Facts Table
Must include 13 core nutrients. Daily Values (%) are based on a 2000kcal diet and loosely based on DRIs.
What are the major food groups in Canada?
(1) Grains
(2) Milk and Alternatives
(3) Meat and Alternatives
(4) Fruit and Vegetables
What are Grains?
Grains are seeds. Consists of the Germ (Core), Endosperm (Inner layer), and the Bran (outer layer).
All grains belong to the Grass Family.
What are Milk and Alternatives?
This includes milk and milk products that retain the mineral calcium content
What are Meat and Alternatives?
Meats, poultry, and fish
Alternatives include legumes, eggs, nuts & seeds
- Legumes include beans, peas, peanuts, and lentils. They enclose their seeds in pods
What is NNT?
Number Needed to Treat. . The number of people that need to take the drug before a single bad outcome is prevented.
(i.e., NNT=10. For every one person who benefits from the drug, ten others will not see any benefits; not including side effects).
What are Fleshy Fruit?
Fleshy fruits evolved to feed frugivores (fruit-eaters) in the animal kingdom to enable seed dispersal (i.e. cherries, eggplants, apples). In some cases, the seed is consumed but passes through the digestive system, thus not providing nutritional value (i.e. blueberries).
What are Dry Fruit? Specifically the seeds of dry fruit.
When eating dry fruits, we almost only eat the seeds (e.g., lentils and peanuts—all seeds from dry fruits). Like fleshy fruits, seeds are also loaded with energy-yielding macronutrients, but their functional role is to serve as a food reserve for the enclosed plant embryo.
What can be said about the Mustard Plant?
All broccoli & cauliflower (modified flowers), Brussels sprouts (modified buds), cabbage & kale (modified leaves), and kohlrabi (modified stems) originate from a single ancestral plant, the mustard plant.
Explain the similarities and differences between eggs and seeds.
Both enclose nutrients to sponsor the growth of an embryo. The difference is the type of nutrients enclosed. Eggs have no carbs but high in lipids and proteins.
Nutritionally, what can be said about grains?
Include wheat, rice, corn, etc. Are high in carbohydrates
What can be said nutritionally and botanically about legumes?
Includes beans, lentils, peanuts, etc. High in protein. They help replenish soil nitrogen (good for future crops)
What are USOs?
Underground Storage Organs. Includes potatoes, carrots, onions, etc., are modified roots/ stems that store carbs
What are leaves?
Includes spinach, lettuce, etc. They don’t store macronutrients. Nutrient-dense but low in energy
