Chapter 9 Flashcards
(34 cards)
How much water does the body contain? How is it distributed
40L in the body
2/3 inside cells
1/3 extracellular fluid compartment (sweat, tears, spinal fluid, etc.)
What is the Golden Rule #3?
Where ions go, water follows
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What are salts?
Chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charges ions (anions)
What are electrolytes?
Salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.
They help control the volume of water within the fluid compartments
What is blood composed of?
Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Plasma
What is metabolic water?
Water generated as a by-product of energy metabolism
How does water work to regulate temperature?
Blood carries heat to skin during exercise.
Capillaries dilate → skin turns red.
More blood flow = more heat loss.
Heat escapes via skin and sweat.
Cooling works only if sweat evaporates.
How do kidneys work to eliminate waste?
Receives 5 cups of blood → produces 1 ml of urine. Cleans blood
How do kidneys work to control blood pressure?
By controlling blood volume
low blood volume = low blood pressure
What controls the kidneys?
(1) Posterior pituatary gland via hormone release
(2) Adrenal Glands
How should you manage your blood pressure?
Increase potassium and magnesium intake, reduce salt intake.
What does dehydration lead to
Mild and severe
Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to excessive water losses
Mild Form Treatment: Simple water intake
Severe Form Treatment: Requires electrolytes to be replenished. If balance isn’t restored, can lead to hyponatremia
What is hyponatremia?
Result of severe dehydration. A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
What is water intoxication?
body’s water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments.
What is metabolism?
what are the two types
The sum total of all chemical reactions that go in living cells
anabolic: Reaction in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones (requires energy).
Catabolic: Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones (releases energy- some lost as heat, rest is transferred to ATP).
Why is the liver energetically expensive
Build glycogen, synthesize cholesterol, make VLDLs, synthesize 11 non-essential amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, convert retinol into Vitamin A forms, Convert Vitamin D3 into an intermediate form
don’t need to memorize all. Just a few
Why are the kidneys so energetically expensive?
Convert inactive vitamin into active form, processes 5 cups of blood per minute to make urine
How does energy get to the mitochondrion of cells?
(1) Breathing saturates red blood cells with oxygen + Eating saturates your blood with nutrients.
(2) Blood capillaries are where gases, nutrients, and waste are exchanged between cells and the blood.
(3) Offloaded into the interstitial space, oxygen and biological fuels enter the intracellular space and flow into the mitochondrion – the ATP factory of every cell.
(4) End product of this catabolic reaction is: metabolic water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
Carbon dioxide is moved into the blood capillaries and exhaled from your nose. Water is used by the cell, and ATP is a highly reactive molecule ready to perform work.
What is ATP?
what can you say about it regarding energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the main energy carrier in cells.
Contains 40% of chemical energy stored in C-H bonds pf glucose (the rest is lost as heat)
What makes ATP so reactive?
Due to the cluster of negative oxygen atoms in close proximity. Last phosphate group is highly unstable and released → kinetic energy is liberated
What happens to released energy in ATP?
Muscle fibers get “phosphorylated” (recipients of the ATP’s energy release) → causes contraction of muscle fibers that move the skeleton (causes motion)
What does “phosphorylated” cause?
(1) Causes Enzymes and protein to change configuration and perform work.
(2) Causes ATP to turn into ADP (due to the loss of the last phosphate)
Explain the process of the sodium-potassium protein pump
(1) ATP phosphorylates the transmembrane protein, causing it to continuously change shape.
(2) As it changes shape, sodium is pumped out of cells while potassium is pumped inside.
(3) The protein is in constant motion because it is continuously phosphorylated.
(4) Consequently, ATP must be in constant supply for the sodium-potassium protein pump to work and for you to maintain fluid balance.
