Chapter 4 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the 3 types of calories?
(1) calorie: energy it takes to raise temperature of 1g of water 1°C
(2) Calorie: energy it takes to raise temperature of 1kg of water 1°C
(3) Kilocalorie: 1 kcal is equal to 1000 calories (1 Cal)
What are monosacchrides?
Name the different monosacchrides
Have 1 sugar molecule. All have same chemical formula: C6H12O6
(1) Glucose: Found in fruits & vegetables. Most important. Dominant sugar in the body. Red blood cells rely on it.
(2) Fructose (sweetest): Found in fruits and honey
(3) Galactose (least sweet): Found in milk
What are disaccharides?
Name the different disaccharides
Pairs of Monosaccharides
(1) Lactose (Glucose + Galactose): Found in milk
(2) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose): Not present in food we eat. Byproduct of starch digestion
(3) Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose): Found in honey, sugar cane, sugar beets. Is non-toxic.
What is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
Taking the starch/ endosperm from corn grain and break it down into glucose molecules. Then, chemically converting those glucose molecules into fructose
What are non-nutritive sweetners?
Intensely sweet tasting but supply no energy per serving. Cause diarrhea when consumed in large amounts
What are sugar alcohols?
Not fully absorbed by intestinal tract. Cause diarrhea when consumed in large amounts
What are complex carbohydrates?
Name them
Made of hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules.
(1) Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants.
(2) Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in the body
(3) Dietary Fiber: Includes Soluble and insoluble fiber
What are the types of starch?
(1) Amylopectin: Branch type of starch. Quickly digested glucose (due to many ends)
(2) Amylose: Single linear thread of glucose molecules. Slowly digested to glucose (due to few ends)
What is glycogen?
We break down starch → absorb glucose → stored in liver as glycogen
If cells need glucose for energy, liver breaks down glycogen
What are the types of dietary fiber?
What are their impacts on health?
Soluble: Dissolve in water. Have thickening abilities. Fermented by bacteria in large intestine
Insoluble: Do not dissolve in water. Do not form gels. Not fermented in large intestine.
- Soluble Health: oluble fibre slows digestion, regulates blood sugar, increases satiety
- Insoluble Health: Promote bowel movement, adds bulk to stool, prevents diverticula
Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion
Digestion of starch begins with Salivary Amylase (in oral cavity), and then in the small intestine with Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase & Pancreatic Amylase → end product: glucose (mostly), fructose, galactose
Starch and disaccharides in our food get digested down to monosaccharide
How are Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose absorbed?
All absorbed through epithelial cell that line the villi → enter blood capillaries in the villi → travel to liver which will convert all monosaccharides into glucose and build glycogen
What is lactose intolerance?
Insufficient production of lactase (enzyme that breaks down lactose). Due to this incapacity of breaking down lactose properly, bacteria break it down which produces irritating gases/ acids
Infants/ kids produce lots of lactase which diminishes with age (70% of us will develop an intolerance)
Decribe the impact of carbohydrates in the body.
Act 1
After a carb-rich meal, blood glucose levels can quickly rise, leading to a state of hyperglycemia. (high blood sugar levels).
Act 2
Pancreas will increase production/ release of insulin into the blood stream. Once inside the blood stream, some insulin (as well as some glucose) is forced out of the blood capillaries and pools around cells.
Act 3
Insulin binds to cells and allows them to take in glucose. If it’s a muscle or liver cell, it will pick up glucose and build glycogen. Insulin acts as a key which opens the door for glucose to enter cells.
Act 4
When you haven’t eaten for some time, your blood glucose levels decline. Your pancreas will then secrete glucagon into the blood stream. When liver cells detect the presence of glucagon in the blood, they respond by breaking down glycogen to release glucose. Glucose is then released into the blood and blood glucose levels are restored. This is how the body maintains blood glucose homeostasis
What is Type 1 diabetes?
What are the treatments?
Autoimmune disease. Cells in the pancreas that synthesize insulin are destroyed
Daily insulin injections, eating nutritious meals at specific times to control blood-glucose levels
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Preventable and caused by high sugar diet. Cells become less responsive to insulin, body no longer response to insulin so glucose can’t enter the cells. If poorly controlled, Type 2 diabetes can lead to the pancreas shutting down
Most common (90% of people w/ diabetes).
What are gestational diabetes?
Occuring during pregnancy due to a poor diet
How do you calculate starch content in food?
Total carbs - (sugar + fibre)
What are the recommendations for carbohydrate intake?
RDA, AMDR, what types, recommended dietary fibre
RDA for glucose: 130g (minimum your brain needs/ day)
AMDR for Carbs: 45 to 65% of your diet (225-325g)
What Types of Carbs: 300g of carbs/ day should come from pulses, vegetables, and fruits
Recommended Dietary Fibre intake: 14g per 1000kcal
Why is wrong to say that carbs are bad for the diet?
It’s actually the overconsumption of refined grains (bread, pasta, rice) and sugars that are bad.
What was the results of protein, carbs, and fats in the bomb calorimeter?
Carbs and protein = 4 kcal/g
Fats = 9 kcal/g
