Chapter 2 (2.3)

Question 1

What are examples of substances which are harmful to the human respiratory system?

Answer 1

-Tar
-Nitrogen oxide
-Carbon monoxide
-Sulphur dioxide
-Fine dust particles, haze, and soot

Question 2

What does tar contain?

Answer 2

Carcinogens

Question 3

What are the effects of tar?

Answer 3

-Kills cells in the air passage such as thorax, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus
-Increases the production of mucus and phlegm in the lungs

Question 4

What is nitrogen monoxide?

Answer 4

A brown-coloured gas with a pungent smell

Question 5

What releases nitrogen oxide?

Answer 5

Combustion of fuels such as petrol and diesel in motor vehicles

Question 6

What are the effects of nitrogen oxide?

Answer 6

-Irritates the air passage and causes cough, difficulty in breathing and asthma

Question 7

What is carbon monoxide?

Answer 7

A colourless and odourless gas

Question 8

Where is carbon monoxide found in?

Answer 8

-Cigarette smoke
-Motor vehicle exhaust fumes

Question 9

What are the effects of carbon monoxide?

Answer 9

-Reduces oxyhaemoglobin in blood
-Reduces oxygen to be transported to cells
-Carbon monoxide easily combines chemically with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin which is a stable compound
-Cell respiration cannot happen, and body cells do not get enough energy to survive
-Fatal

Question 10

What releases sulphur dioxide?

Answer 10

Combustion of coal

Question 11

What is sulphur dioxide?

Answer 11

A colourless gas with pungent smell

Question 12

What are the effects of sulphur dioxide?

Answer 12

-Irritates the air passage causing cough, difficulty in breathing
-Causes bronchitis and lung cancer

Question 13

What are the effects of fine dust particle, haze and soot?

Answer 13

-Suffocate the respiratory system leading to difficulty breathing
-Some can cause lung cancer

Question 14

What are examples of diseases that affect the respiratory system?

Answer 14

-Pneumonia
-Chronic bronchitis
-Emphysema
-Lung cancer
-Asthma

Question 15

What are the symptoms for pneumonia?

Answer 15

-Breathing difficulty
-Excessive production of mucus

Question 16

What are the symptoms for chronic bronchitis?

Answer 16

-Breathing difficulty
-Excessive production of mucus
-Bad cough
-Fever
-Pain in the chest

Question 17

What are the symptoms for emphysema?

Answer 17

-Breathing difficulty
-Coughs
-Tiredness due to lack of oxygen in the body

Question 18

What are the symptoms for lung cancer?

Answer 18

-Breathing difficulty
-Coughs with phlegm and blood
-Loss of appetite
-Chest pain
-Death

Question 19

What are the symptoms for asthma?

Answer 19

-Difficulty in breathing
-Coughing
-Wheezing

Question 20

What are the effects of smoking on lungs?

Answer 20

High temperature of the smoke may harm body cells

Question 21

How do other organisms undergo respiration?

Answer 21

-Moist skin
-Tracheal system
-Gills

Question 22

Moist skin

Amphibians such as frog breath through _____ _____ and _____.

Thin outer skin is very permeable to _____, _____ and covered with _____.
Function of thin outer skin: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Dense network of _____ _____ under the skin.
Function: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

_____ _____ in the lungs of frogs is the same as that in the lungs of humans.

Answer 22

1.(a)moist skin
(b)lungs

2.(a)gases
(b)moist
(c)mucus
(d)To facilitate the
dissolving and
diffusion of gases

3.(a)blood capillaries
(b)To increase the rate of
diffusion of gases
between the skin and
blood capillaries

4.Gaseous exchange

Question 23

Tracheal system

Trachea system is made up of _____or trachea, breathing pores known as _____ and _____.
Function: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.

Trachea is divided into many branches, namely _____ _____ _____, _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
Function: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.

_____ _____ are filled with air.
Function: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ between the body of the grasshopper and the surrounding in robust activities.

Answer 23

1.(a)air tubes
(b)spiracles
(c)valves
(c)To control the opening
and closing of
spiracles to allow air to
enter and escape the
trachea

2.(a)tracheole with fine
(b)moist and large surface area
(c)To increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange

3.(a)Air pockets
(b)To increase the rate of
exchange of
respiratory gases

Question 24

Gills

Gills can adapt to _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ in water

Made up of two rows of fine filaments that have many thin and flat projections : _____

The number of filaments and lamellae _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ to facilitate gaseous exchange

Since fish live in water, their gills are surrounded by _____, and this causes the respiratory gases to _____ _____ _____ _____.

Answer 24

1.increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange

2.lamellae

3.produces a large surface area

4.(a)water
(b)dissolve and diffuse
easily

Question 25

Gaseous exchange in plants Most plants carry out the process of gaseous exchange with their _____, _____ and _____. These three parts provide a _____ _____ _____ for gaseous exchange.

Answer 25

1.(a)leaves (b)stems (c)roots 2.large surface area

Question 26

During the day with high _____ _____, plants take in _____ _____ and give out _____ through _____. Plant also take in _____ and give out _____ _____ through _____. During the night with low _____ _____ or _____ _____, plants take in _____ _____ and give out _____ through _____only.

Answer 26

1.(a)light intensity (b)carbon dioxide (c)oxygen (d)photosynthesis (e)oxygen (f)carbon dioxide (g)respiration 2.(a)light intensity (b)no light (c)oxygen (d)carbon dioxide (e)respiration

Question 27

Definition of diffusion

Answer 27

The processes of movement of particle from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 28

Diffusion of carbon dioxide happens through the _____ according to difference in concentration of _____ _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ between cells. This also happens in the diffusion of _____ into _____ and _____ _____ _____ _____ between cells.

Answer 28

1.(a)stoma (b)carbon dioxide in cells (c)inside the air spaces 2.(a)oxygen (b)cells (c)inside the air spaces

Question 29

When carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, -The concentration of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ become lower compared to the concentration of _____ _____ _____ _____ between the cells. -This difference in concentration allows the dissolved _____ _____ in the moist surface of cells to diffuse from the _ ____ ______ between the cells _____ _____ _____.

Answer 29

1.(a)carbon dioxide in cells (b)carbon dioxide in the air space 2.(a)carbon dioxide (b)diffuse from the air space between the cells into the cells

Question 30

When carbon dioxide from the air spaces diffuses into the cells, -The concentration of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ between the cells become lower compared to the concentration of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____. -This difference in concentration of carbon dioxide enables carbon dioxide to diffuse from the air outside the stoma into the air spaces between cells through the open _____ _____.

Answer 30

1.(a)carbon dioxide in the air space (b)carbon dioxide in the air outside the stoma 2.stomatal pores

Question 31

Stomatal pores and guard cells Each stoma is made up of _____ _____ surrounded by a pair of _____ _____ which contains _____ to carry out photosynthesis. Water moves in and out the guard cells through _____.

Answer 31

1.(a)stomatal pore (b)guard cells (c)chloroplast 2.osmosis

Question 32

Stomatal pore _____ to carry out _____ when there is sufficient _____ in bright condition. Stomatal pore _____ when in _____ condition or during _____ condition where plants experience excessive _____ _____.

Answer 32

1.(a)open (b)photosynthesis (c)light 2.(a)closes (b)dark (c)hot (d)water loss

Question 33

Definition of osmosis

Answer 33

The process of movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration of water molecules (solution with a low concentration of solutes) to a region of low concentration of water molecules (solution with a high concentration of solutes) through a semipermeable  membrane.

Question 34

What does semipermeable membrane do?

Answer 34

-Permeable to water -Not permeable to / Prevent the movement of large solute molecule such as sucrose.

Question 35

Only _____ _____ are able to pass through the pores of the semipermeable membrane.

Answer 35

water molecules

Question 36

State the process of osmosis during the day time.

Answer 36

-Photosynthesis produces glucose. -Glucose causes the concentration in the guard cell increases. -Concentration of water inside the guard cell is lower than the concentration around the guard cell. -Water flows into the guard cell through osmosis. -Guard cell become turgid and curves out. -Stomata opens.

Question 37

State the process of osmosis during the night time.

Answer 37

-Respiration of cell use up glucose. -Concentration of glucose in the guard cell decreases. -Concentration of water inside the guard cell is higher than the concentration around the guard cell. -Water flows out the guard cell through osmosis. -Guard cell loses its turgidity and become flaccid. -Stomata closes.

Question 38

What are the effects of dust, smoke, debris and haze on plants?

Answer 38

-Blocks the stomata which prevents gaseous exchange to occur. -Reduce the exposure of sunlight to plant. -Rate of photosynthesis reduces

Question 39

What are the effects of toxic gases such as nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide?

Answer 39

-Toxic gases dissolved in rainwater causing acid rain -Acid rain damages the leaf and roots of the plants. -Acid rain also causes the soil to be acidic making it not suitable for plant.

Question 40

What are examples of pollutants that can affect plants?

Answer 40

-Dust -Smoke -Debris -Haze -Toxic gases such as nitrogen dioxide and sulphur oxide

Question 41

How to prevent dust, smoke, debris and haze?

Answer 41

-Ban open burning -Ban the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture