Chapter 2

Question 1

small structure present in the cytoplasm of the cell such as mitochondrion

Answer 1

organelle

Question 2

a group of different tissues organized to perform a specific function

Answer 2

organ

Question 3

a type of nucleic acid contained in the nucleoli of cells. A component of messenger, transfer and ribosomal RNA

Answer 3

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 4

liquid absorption by cells in which a segment of cell membrane forms small pockets and engulfs the liquid. Similar to phagocytosis, except that liquids rather than particulate material are ingested.

Answer 4

pinocytosis

Question 5

a small cytoplasmic vaculoe containing digestive enzymes

Answer 5

lysosome

Question 6

the information carried by the codons of DNA molecules in chromosomes.

Answer 6

genetic code

Question 7

cytoplasmic organelle containing various enzymes, including those that decompose potentially toxic hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 7

peroxisome

Question 8

a small cytoplasmic organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are usually attached to the endoplasmic reticulum but may be free in the cytoplasm.

Answer 8

ribosome

Question 9

a large stellate cell having highly branched processes. forms the structural framework of the nervous system. One of the neurogilial cells.

Answer 9

astrocyte

Question 10

material in which connective tissue cells are embedded

Answer 10

matrix

Question 11

a group of cells that are derived from the fertilized ovum and are destined to form the embryo

Answer 11

inner cell mass

Question 12

a change from one type of cell to a more resistant cell type

Answer 12

metaplasia

Question 13

one type of neurogilia that surrounds nerve fibers within the central nervous system.

Answer 13

oligodendrogila

Question 14

a high energy phosphate compound that liberate energy to power numerous cellular metabolic processes

Answer 14

ATP (adenperoxisoneosine triphosphate)

Question 15

the outer germ layer in the embryo that gives rise to specific organ and tissues

Answer 15

ectoderm

Question 16

a pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor

Answer 16

neoplasia

Question 17

an insoluble sulfer-containing protein that is the principal constituent of hair and nails

Answer 17

keratin

Question 18

short cylindrical structures located adjacent to the nucleus that participate in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division

Answer 18

centrioles

Question 19

structural changes associated with cell death

Answer 19

necrosis

Question 20

a solution having essentially the same osmolarity as body fluids so that cells neither shrink nor swell when exposed to the solution.

Answer 20

isotonic solution

Question 21

the nerve cell including the nerve cell body and its processes

Answer 21

neuron

Question 22

ingestion of particulate of foreign material by cells

Answer 22

phagocytosis

Question 23

the internal lining of blood vessels and interior of heart

Answer 23

endothelium

Question 24

protein tubules and filaments that from the structural framework of cells

Answer 24

cytoskeleton

Question 25

the middle germ layer of the embryo which gives rise to specific organs and tissues

Answer 25

mesoderm

Question 26

cell derived from the fertilized ovum that gives rise to the fetal membranes and contributes to the formation of the placenta

Answer 26

trophoblast

Question 27

phagocytic cells of the nervous system comparable to macrophages in other tissues

Answer 27

microglia

Question 28

an increase in the number of cells

Answer 28

hyperplasia

Question 29

a group of membrane-lined sacs found in the cytosplasm of the cell near the nucleus

Answer 29

golgi apparatus

Question 30

a measure of osmotic pressure exerted by a solution

Answer 30

osmolarity

Question 31

an enlargement or overgrowth of an organ caused by an increase in size of its constituent cells

Answer 31

hypertrophy

Question 32

a solution containing an excess of hydroxyl ions and having a pH greater than 7

Answer 32

base

Question 33

a gland that discharges its secretions through a duct onto a mucosal surface, in contrast to an endocrine gland that delivers it secretions directly into the bloodstream

Answer 33

exocrine gland

Question 34

the tissue that form the framework of an organ

Answer 34

stroma

Question 35

a group of organs that function together as a unit

Answer 35

organ system

Question 36

programmed cell death that occurs after a cell has lived its normal life span

Answer 36

apoptosis

Question 37

abnormal maturation of cells

Answer 37

dysplasia

Question 38

a group of similar cells joined to perform a specific function

Answer 38

tissue

Question 39

a gland that discharges it secretion directly into the blood stream, in contrast to an exocrine gland that discharges its secretion through a duct onto a mucosal surface.

Answer 39

endocrine glands

Question 40

the nucleic acid present in the chromosomes of the nuclei of cells that carries genetic information.

Answer 40

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 41

the functional cell of an organ or tissue

Answer 41

parenchymal cell

Question 42

a solution having a lower osmolarity than body fluids causing cells in the solution to swell because water moves by osmosis from the hypertonic solution into the cells.

Answer 42

hypotonic solution

Question 43

the inner germ layer of the embryo that gives rise to specific organ and tissues

Answer 43

entoderm

Question 44

a solution having greater osmolarity than body fluids which causes cells to shrink in such a solution

Answer 44

hypertonic solution

Question 45

layer of flat squamous epithelial cells that covers the surfaces of the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities

Answer 45

mesothelium

Question 46

functional cells of an organ

Answer 46

parenchyma

Question 47

network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Answer 47

endoplasmic reticuluma

Question 48

neurogilia

Answer 48

supporting cells

Question 49

germ layer

Answer 49

each of the three layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) that are formed in the early embryo.