Chapter 3

Question 1

Interchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during synapse and meiosis

Answer 1

crossover

Question 2

a disease associated with formation of cell-mediated or humoral immunity against the subjects own cells or tissue components

Answer 2

autoimmune disease

Question 3

the inactivated X chromosome that is applied to the nuclear membrane in the female. Sex Chromatin body.

Answer 3

barr body

Question 4

the genes of histocompatibility complex and the antigens that they determine on the surface of cells

Answer 4

HLA system

Question 5

the structure that joins each pair of chromatids formed by chromosome duplication

Answer 5

centromere

Question 6

the gene present on the X chromosome

Answer 6

sex-linked gene

Question 7

germ cells in a late stage of sperm development just before complete maturation to form mature sperm

Answer 7

spermatids

Question 8

cells lining the ovarian follicles

Answer 8

granulosa cells

Question 9

same as recombinant DNA technology

Answer 9

gene splicing, genetic engineering

Question 10

structure extruded during the meiosis of the oocyte. Contains discarded chromosomes and a small amount of cytoplasm

Answer 10

polar body

Question 11

the general term referring to either ovary or the testis

Answer 11

gonad

Question 12

a noncoding part of a chromosomal DNA chain

Answer 12

intron

Question 13

unique histocompatability antigens (self-antigens) on the surface cells. Also called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

Answer 13

human leukocyte antigens

Question 14

the type of cell division of most cells in which chromosomes are duplicated in the daughter cells and are identical with those in the parent cell. the characteristic cell division found in all cells in the body except for gametes.

Answer 14

mitosis

Question 15

a systemic disease primarily affecting the synovium with major manifestations in the small joints

Answer 15

rhumatoid arthritis

Question 16

methods for combining gene from one organism, with genes of another organism

Answer 16

recombinant DNA technology

Question 17

the position of a gene on a chromosome. different forms (alleles) of the same gene are always found at the same locus on a chromosome

Answer 17

locus

Question 18

pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis

Answer 18

synapse

Question 19

an arrangement of chromosomes from a single cell arrangement in pairs in descending order according to size of the chromosomes and the positions of the centromeres

Answer 19

karyotype

Question 20

reproductive cells, eggs, and sperm each containng 23 chromosomes which unite during fertilization to form a zygote containing 46 chromosomes

Answer 20

gametes

Question 21

the total of all the genes contained in a cell’s chromosomes.

Answer 21

genome

Question 22

a term applied to genes located on the X chromosome in the male

Answer 22

hemizygous

Question 23

a gene that expresses a trait on the heterozygous state

Answer 23

dominant gene

Question 24

a small circular DNA molecule separate from the main bacterial chromosome.

Answer 24

plasmid

Question 25

a group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine the antigens on the surface cells

Answer 25

major histocompatability complex

Question 26

a chromosome other than a sex chromosome

Answer 26

autosome

Question 27

one of several related genes that may occupy the same locus on a homologous chromosome

Answer 27

allele

Question 28

the development of mature eggs and sperm from precursor cells

Answer 28

gametogenesis

Question 29

a protein or enzyme specified (coded) by a gene

Answer 29

gene prodcut

Question 30

a special type of cell division occurring in gametes (ova and sperm) in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by one-half in the ovum and sperm

Answer 30

meiosis

Question 31

the part of a chromosomal DNA chain that codes for a specific protein or enzyme

Answer 31

exon

Question 32

having two different alleles at given gene loci on the homologous pair of chromosome

Answer 32

heterozygous

Question 33

one of two newly formed chromosomes held together by the centromere

Answer 33

chromatid

Question 34

the X and Y chromosomes that determine genetic sex

Answer 34

sex chromosomes

Question 35

a soluble growth promoting substance produced by cells that hesitates to receptors on the cell membrane of other cells, which activates the receptors and initiates events leading to growth or division of the target cells

Answer 35

growth factor

Question 36

a cell resulting from division of a single call

Answer 36

daughter cell

Question 37

a set of HLA genes on one chromosome that is transmitted as a set

Answer 37

haplotype

Question 38

a matched pair of chromosome one derived from each parent

Answer 38

homozygous chromosomes

Question 39

a gene that expresses a trait only when present in the homozygous state

Answer 39

recessive gene