Chapter 2

Question 0

Functions of Dendrites-

Answer 0

Transmits info to the cell body

Question 1

Dendrites and what they are extensions are

Answer 1

They are extensions of the neuron that are designed to receive info
They send info to cell body

Question 2

Longest part of the Neuron-

Answer 2

The axon which carries info away from cell body

Question 3

What encases the axon – how does this affect the speed of neural transmission?

Answer 3

The myelin sheath encases the axon

This increases the speed because of the nodes of Ranvier which are located in the sheath

Question 4

Action Potential - describe – how is it generated?

Answer 4

A brief change in electrical charge of neuron

Question 5

hard slap on the back vs. a soft pat on the back – how it affects a neural impulse?

Answer 5

The heavier the stimulation the more neurons that will fire

Question 6

Neural impulse speed – how fast is a neural impulse?

Answer 6

200 mph

Question 7

Too little serotonin is associated with what disorder?

Answer 7

depression

Question 8

Acetylcholine - besides memory it is also associated with what function?

Answer 8

muscle contraction and fine motor movement

Question 9

Botulin Poisoning can cause paralysis by blocking?

Answer 9

ACH or acetylcholine

Question 10

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as ______________________.

Answer 10

endorphins

Question 11

Neurotransmitter that is linked to body’s pain killer?

Answer 11

endorphins

Question 12

Agonists do what to neurotransmission?

Answer 12

speed up neural reception

ex: caffeine

Question 13

Endorphin agonists are likely to ___________ one’s immediate pain and endorphin antagonists are likely to _____________ one’s immediate pain.

Answer 13

decrease;increase

Question 14

Migraine headaches are closely linked to an oversupply of?

Answer 14

glutamate

Question 15

Schizophrenia is closely linked to this neurotransmitter ___________________.

Answer 15

dopamine

Question 16

Alzheimer’s is closely linked to the loss of neurons that create??

Answer 16

ACH or acetylcholine

Question 17

2 major divisions of the Nervous System-

Answer 17

CNS (central nervous system) brain and spinal cord

PNS (peripheal nervous system) relay system connecting

Question 18

Central nervous system consists of:

Answer 18

brain and spinal cord

Question 19

Peripheral Nervous System-

Answer 19

relay system connecting parts of body with CNS

sensroy info from outer parts of body back to CNS

Question 20

autonomic Nervous System-

Answer 20

2 complementary parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic
together the 2 regulate heartbeat, blood pressure, digestion
dont require thought to activate

Question 21

Sympathetic Nervous System-

Answer 21

Fight or Flight response 
prepares body for stressful and/or vigorous action 
 –increases heart rate and blood flow, slows down processes that are not necessary for event
–the “fight or flight” response can be initiated by any number of stressor, both physical and psychological

Question 22

Knee-jerk Reflex – controlled by interneurons in the??

Answer 22

spinal cord

Question 23

Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called?

Answer 23

lesion

Question 24

EEG – measures what?

Answer 24

electrical activity of brain functioning electrical activity of neurons firing non invasive

Question 25

MRI – when is it used?

Answer 25

provide more details on organs, tissues, etc

Question 26

“Little Brain” is also called?

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

Damage to occipital lobe results in loss of ________________________________.

Answer 27

visual

Question 28

Seeing is to _____________ lobes as _______________ is to temporal lobes.

Answer 28

occipital; temporal

Question 29

Broca’s area-

Answer 29

speech production; left hemisphere only; pierre paul broca

Question 30

Wernicke’s area-

Answer 30

speech comprehension; left hemisphere, carl Wernicke

Question 31

PET scans – provide what kind of information?

Answer 31

- - shows the functioning brain by looking at radioactive "traces" that are brightest in areas of brain activity - -patient injected with radioactive sugar that accumulates in the brain

Question 32

Corpus Callosum – what does it do?

Answer 32

connects 2 hemispheres; nerve fibers

Question 33

Cutting the corpus callosum why is it done and what are the side effects?

Answer 33

helps with epileptic seizures and to stop them from sprading from one side of the hemisphere to the other

Question 34

Aphasia

Answer 34

loss of ability to express or understand speech | caused by brain damage

Question 35

Auditory hallucinations-

Answer 35

schizophrenia

Question 36

Parietal Lobe - functions

Answer 36

environmental awareness center

Question 37

Functions of glial cells-

Answer 37

To surround neurons and hold them in place. To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons.

Question 38

Hypothalamus controls what? Also known as the pleasure center of the brain.

Answer 38

4 F's | feeding, fighting, fleeing, reproductive

Question 39

Extensive damage to the hypothalamus may cause-

Answer 39

unable to control body vital functions | resist food and water

Question 40

Part of the brain/limbic system that is essential for the formation of new memories?

Answer 40

hippocampus

Question 41

Region of brainstem that takes you to a state of arousal?

Answer 41

reticular formation

Question 42

Acetylcholine (ACh):

Answer 42

found throughout the brain & spinal cord 
        - Most common EXCITATORY Transmitter - muscle contraction: and other motor movement require acetylcholine..botulin poisoning from spoiled food can cause paralysis by blocking ACH - also involved with memory- reduction of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer's 
 

Question 43

   Norepinephrine (NE) 


Answer 43

 Involved in MOOD Regulation 
        - Implicated in bipolar mood disorders—major shift between very high(manic state) and very low(depressive state) - -too much can cause manic state not enough can cause depression - -medications for mood disorders correct NT imbalances 


Question 44

  3) Dopamine:

Answer 44

control of voluntary movements 
  --also a mood regulator - -associated with the reward or pleasure center of the brain - -too much dopamine can cause schizophrenia - -too little dopamine can cause Parkinson's disease

Question 45

Endorphins (endogenous morphines): 
      

Answer 45

Family of internally produced chemicals that resemble 
         opiates in structure and effect 
  --body's natural pain killer, produced to control pain (runner's high

Question 46

Serotonin

Answer 46

involved with sleep and mood regulation, also linked with depression and anxiety disorder - -too little linked to depression - -drugs like paxil- SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors block the reuptake of serotonin allowing for more serotonin to be present 
  
 

Question 47

Synapse - describe

Answer 47

The junction between the axon terminal and the 
     dendrite of the next neuron. - -microscopic gap where neurotransmitters travel from one neuron to another..junction between sending neuron and receiving neuron - -at this stage the message is no longer electrical- its chemical

Question 48

Phrenology/Phrenologists describe

Answer 48

early 1900s- Franz Joseph Gall - -study of bumps of the skull to determine a person's personality and mental faculties - -first to suggest that the brain is compartmentalized

Question 49

Extensive regions of the brain which enables learning and memory-

Answer 49

association areas

Question 50

Plasticity of the brain – refers to the brain’s ability to do?

Answer 50

change and adapt due to experience

Question 51

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere-

Answer 51

damage to speech | could see change in writing, reading, and math skills

Question 52

Reticular Formation is located in the _______________ part of the brain?

Answer 52

stem?