Chapter 2

Question 1

relative and approximate number of neurons and glia in brain:

Answer 1

approx. 80 billion neurons in the brain (75% of which are in the cerebellum!); 1 to 50 times that many glial cells

Question 2

golgi stain:

Answer 2

shows the whole cell – good for shapes of cells

Question 3

nissl stain:

Answer 3

shows just soma – good for counting

Question 4

sensory neurons:

Answer 4

nerve cells that are directly affected by changes in the environment

Question 5

motor neurons:

Answer 5

cells that transmit neural messages to muscles/glands

Question 6

oligodendrocytes:

Answer 6

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

Question 7

Schwann cells:

Answer 7

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS

Question 8

multiple sclerosis (MS):

Answer 8

literally “many scars” – characterized by the widespread degeneration of myelin

Question 9

astrocytes:

Answer 9

star-shaped glial cells that form the blood-brain barrier

Question 10

microglia:

Answer 10

teeny-tiny glia that clean up waste

Question 11

nerves vs. tracts

Answer 11

nerves are axons in the PNS; tracts are axons in the CNS

Question 12

ganglia vs. nuclei

Answer 12

ganglia are somas in the PNS; nuclei are somas in the CNS

Question 13

autonomic nervous system:

Answer 13

the part of the PNS that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs – sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 14

cerebral cortex:

Answer 14

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consist largely of cell bodies and their branches

Question 15

dorsal direction:

Answer 15

toward or at the back

Question 16

ventral direction:

Answer 16

toward or at the belly

Question 17

rostral direction:

Answer 17

the head end (anterior)

Question 18

caudal direction:

Answer 18

the tail end (posterior)

Question 19

in four-legged creatures, dorsal refers to both the back of the body and _________

Answer 19

the top of the head and brain

Question 20

in four-legged creatures, ventral refers to both the belly of the body and _________

Answer 20

the bottom of the head and brain

Question 21

basal ganglia is a group of __________ found deep within the ___________.

Answer 21

forebrain nuclei; cerebral hemispheres

Question 22

the basal ganglia includes the ___________, the __________, and the ____________.

Answer 22

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 23

the basal ganglia plays a critical role in ___________.

Answer 23

movement

Question 24

the thalamus is the brain’s _______, directing virtually all incoming ____ ______ to the appropriate ___ _ __ ___ for further processing.

Answer 24

switchboard; sensory information; regions of the cortex

Question 25

hypothalamus is involved in ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 25

hunger; thirst; temperature regulation; sex

Question 26

the midbrain manages some survival functions such as ____/____, _____ _____, ____/_____ _____ (____ ____).

Answer 26

sleep/wake; temperature regulation; visual/auditory responses (quick reactions)

Question 27

the midbrain contains the

Answer 27

substantia nigra and reticular formation

Question 28

substantia nigra:

Answer 28

part of the basal ganglia in many ways; loss of its neurons leads to Parkinson's disease

Question 29

loss of neurons in the ________ _______ leads to Parkinson's disease.

Answer 29

substantia nigra

Question 30

loss of neurons in the substantia nigra leads to ________.

Answer 30

Parkinson's diesase

Question 31

the _____ are 3 specific protective layers on top of the brain.

Answer 31

meninges

Question 32

the top, most thick layer of the meninges is the

Answer 32

dura mater

Question 33

the middle layer of the meninges is the _______

Answer 33

arachnoid

Question 34

the bottom later of the meninges that follows all brain folds is the

Answer 34

pia mater

Question 35

the cerebrospinal fluid serves three purposes. name them.

Answer 35

shock absorption, nutrient providing, waste removal